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July 5th, 2009

   

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Iraq - Sovereignty?

It is like deja-vu all over again. How many times will the media declare Iraqi Sovereignty and us bloggers are expected to stand up and respectfully applaud? First Bremmer handed over Iraqi Sovereignty in June 2004. There was a new sovereignty again with elections in January 2005, then again with the vote over the new constitution, and again in November 2005, when the Americans let the Iraqis have their own palace back, etc. The list is seemingly endless.

So please forgive the Iraqi bloggers for not jumping on this new bandwagon. In fact I have only one reaction from Iraq about the withdrawal albeit a happy one. Mosul 4 All reports from his home town:

Today 30 of June 2009 ,

3202C2F1-B7E1-40B7-A6D8-EE82478B5DA4.jpgI woke up at morning on the sounds of cars in the street , the government considered this day as a national holiday so all my family was in the house , people were celebrating in the street , and exactly at 9:01 am the helicopters were throwing clippings in the air on the streets of mosul and I was able to see them brightly , but it was two streets away from the house and it said that they contain a ” congratulation speech ” from the chief of ministers of Iraq .

This is the first day in Mosul city that we wouldn't see any soldier in the city , this would be very good.

People were celebrating at the streets and some was serving-out candies and juice to the people in the streets and some were putting on an national songs in the cars.

Actually the american army didn't quit from the city finally but they still around the city of Mosul but not inside it .

First reaction came from Layla Anwar who stayed up late to write an urgent post:

There are HUGE misconceptions surrounding U.S troop withdrawal on the 30th of June.

Both Iraqi and American/Western media are using the term withdrawal. This is a propaganda spin and I need the reader to become very aware of the usage of words. There is NO American withdrawal from Iraqi cities. What there is, is a pull back to the 15 or so American bases AND in parallel a redeployment of American troops on the edges of the cities.

The official Iraqi version wants us to believe that this is victory. Suddenly the official language of PM Al-Maliki, is full of patriotism with statements like “This is the end of violence and sectarianism in Iraq”.

This is BULLSHIT, because only today there has been a massive campaign of arbitrary arrests in two neighborhoods - Adhamyia (sunni) and Shula'a. (I dont know what Shula'a is anymore. It used to be mixed.) …

The Americans are not leaving Iraq, they are just pulling back to their bases and redeploying on the outskirts. In the Nineveh province they are staying put. This means there is no pull back. So please stop believing this term withdrawal because it does NOT exist and it is very misleading. This is a ploy to confuse the layperson and make believe that Iraq is now a success case - an American success.

Hammorabi agrees:

The occupying troops only pulled few kilometers from the cities centers to rest on well equipped bases in very strategic positions which are all over controlling these cities. In fact the occupiers have strengthened their control and reduced their losses… It is not the end of the occupation to call it this. On the other hand the Iraqis were happy to see the occupiers have left the streets taking with them their arrogance and destructions however the only way to gain the sovereignty is when the last solider leaving Iraq for ever.

Nibras Kazimi was interviewed on Al-Jazeera:

I said that the troop withdrawal today is the result of a U.S. and Iraqi victory against the ‘mutinous' insurgents… I thought it was funny that I was openly speaking from Baghdad, from Abu Nawwas Street, while the mouth organs for the ‘resistance' were in exile or in hiding. Oh, and I got a free PhD to boot, ‘Dr. Nibras' this and ‘Dr. Nibras' that. Grad school is for suckers.

Raed Jarrar gives his reaction in a video interview:


With a new wave of bombings in Iraq that coincide with the American pull-out from cities, Iraqi Mojo worries about new sectarian tensions. He writes: “The Iraqi Shia withstood two years of bombings before militias began rounding up ordinary Sunni Arab men and killing them. I hope the Iraqis do not allow their enemies to ignite another sectarian war.”

Raed's mother, Faiza, has hopes for the future. She writes:

Hope it will be the beginning of a real Iraqi sovereignty ,and the right way towards national reconciliation , then the country can have peace and start the reconstruction process soon.
Our political Iraqi leaders should act as national leaders , no sectarian no ethnic discourse we want to hear any more.
Hopefully they can be awared enough to understand the difficult challenges facing the future of Iraq.

I have a big HOPE that Iraqis can pass over all the pain and the bad memories of the last years, to accomplish a better future.

And Attawie preferred to talk about jellyfish-shaped crop circles.

Japan: Eight endangered languages in the Japanese archipelago

In February UNESCO presented the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, giving an accurate and worrying description of the languages considered endangered (about 2,500). Among these eight belong to the Japanese archipelago. Not a big surprise if we think about the severe policies of linguistic and cultural assimilation carried out by the Japanese government until the end of the WW2, after completing the annexation during the 19th century of the Ryukyu reign (now Okinawa) and the island of Hokkaido inhabited by the Ainu people.

Still, the continuing presence of a variety of languages different from Japanese, in a country that (also in the recent past) some important politicians have boasted of being a ‘one race Nation‘, has surprised many who read the news in a national newspaper [ja].

The owner of the small restaurant Amami No Ie, on one island of the Amami archipelago (Okinawa), comments on the news that his dialect is considered in danger of extinction and regards the forced assimilation by the Japanese mainland government, which started from education during the first decades of the 20th century, as one of the causes.

日本で消滅危機にある言語の中に、我が奄美諸島の「奄美語」も入っていました。
今回は深くは掘り下げませんが、歴史を辿ると戦前戦後に「方言を使うな!という方言禁止の時代」もあり、その頃から方言が衰退していったのではないかといわれています。
また一口に奄美語といっても、島によって地域によって言葉もイントネーションも異なるので、奄美群島の人たちが交通の利便性もよくなったことで島々(シマジマ)を頻繁に行き来できるようになり、よその人達とコミュニケーションをとる為にも方言を使わなくなってきたともいわれてますよね。

Among the languages at risk of extinction there is also our islands' language, the Amami language.
This time I won't dwell upon the details too much but if we look back at the history, before and after the war the usage of languages [other than the standard Japanese] was prohibited and since then the habit of speaking them started to disappear.
Moreover, what is called the Amami language is actually different from island to island, from area to area, in both words and intonation. Some say that the reason the Amami language is dying out is because the Amami islanders now constantly travel between islands as a result of improved transportation, and have stopped using their local languages to communicate with other people.

残念ながら僕も「シマゆむた(言葉)」で話せません。僕らの世代が使ってる言葉は方言のほんの一部と標準語が入り交ざった「トン普通語」といいます。
しかし「奄美のシマ唄」はしっかり方言で伝えられています。シマ唄を継承している人たちなら「奄美の方言」を守っていけるのではと思います。

Unfortunately, I can't speak the shima yumuta, the island language, either. The language that our generation speak is called ‘ton ordinary language', and it's a mixture of dialect and standard Japanese.
However the Amami islands songs are sung in ‘dialect', which ensures it is handed down correctly. I indeed believe that those who are nurturing these folksongs will be the ones to keep the Amami language alive.
Amami Island. Flicjr id: Takayukix

Amami Island. Flicr id: Takayukix

Also another blogger, native of Hachijô Island (one of the furthest Japanese islands, which belong to Tokyo Prefecture) has discovered that his hometown dialect is actually a language.

八丈語???方言ではなくて?

The Hachijô LANGUAGE and not DIALECT?

[…]

八丈島には独特の方言があり、温泉なんかで飛び交う年配の方の会話は聴いていてとても不思議でそして心地よいものです。
「八丈語」といっても、実はこの小さな島で5つの方言(言語?)があるのですよ。
末吉・中之郷・樫立・大賀郷・三根
という地域ごとに独自の話し言葉が発達・継承されてきたのだそうです。
私にはさっぱり聞き分けられませんが・・・

Hachijô Island has its own specific dialect and when I go to a spa and listen to the old people speaking, it sounds a bit odd yet familiar at the same time.
Also if we call it Hachijô dialect, actually there are five different dialects (or languages?) on this little island.
Sueyoshi, Nakanogo, Kashi, Okago, Mine
Each of these has developed and inherited its own way of speaking.
But I cannot distinguish between them at all…

消滅の危機に瀕しているというのは、若年層の人が島言葉をあまり話さないことからも納得がいきます。
TVやネットなど情報通信は発達し、東京へ飛行機で40分、簡単に行き来もでき、ある程度の年齢になれば東京その他に移住していってしまう・・・
言語の変化はライフスタイルの変化と密接な関係がありますよね。
私は「八丈語」継承の担い手にはなれないでしょうが、あそび半分でちょっとだけ島言葉を使ってみたりもしています。

It is said that the reason why they are at risk of extinction is because young people don't speak their island language, and I think this is true.
Together with the development of TV, the internet and faster communication, it's possible to fly to Tokyo in 40 minutes, and easily come and go plus at a certain age many people tend to move to Tokyo or other areas…
The changes of a language are strictly related to those in the lifestyle.
I personally cannot take upon myself the task of inheriting the Hachijô language but partly because it's fun I like to use it sometimes.
Hachijojima. Flickr id: world waif.

Hachijojima. Flickr id: world waif.

Among the languages indicated as 'severely endangered' by the Unesco's report there is the Ainu language, at present spoken properly only by 15 people. Its extinction, then, is a serious problem also because it has no written alphabet the language and its traditions can only be transmitted orally.

A blogger calls on the necessity to do something practical to avoid the disappearance of the Ainu language.

アイヌ語の危機的状況は既に知られており、アイヌ文化の保存だけではなく普及の必要性も認められてきた。
「アイヌの先住民族認定を求める決議」 が国会で可決され、「有識者懇談会」 も発足した。
しかし、アイヌ民族の権利の法的保障や、言語・文化をどのように継承していくのか、未だ不透明だ。
これまでの日本人からの圧迫と同化政策が落とした暗い影、不当な差別と偏見の解消は容易ではない。

The condition of the Ainu language is already well known and what has become necessary lately is not only the preservation of the culture but also the spread of its use.
A resolution that recognizes the Ainu people as the aborigines of Japan has already been passed by the Diet [See GV article] and the ‘Group of Experts' [to study the Ainu issues] was inaugurated. However, how the Ainu's rights will be legally safeguarded and how their language and culture will be handed down, it is still a mystery. It is not so simple at all to erase the unfair prejudices and discrimination, as well as the dark shadow that the Japanese assimilation policies and oppression have cast.

北海道のSTVラジオでアイヌ語ラジオ講座を放送するなど、アイヌ語の普及の動きもある。
北海道立アイヌ民族文化研究センターには音声資料も保存されている。
しかし、アイヌ語話者は減少し、学校教育だけでなく家族内の会話も日本語の現状では厳しい。

STV radio in Hokkaido broadcasts lessons of the Ainu language [ja] and there are movements for the spread of the Ainu language. In the Ainu Culture Research Center of Hokkaido [ja], for example, they keep original voice recordings. But the Ainu language speakers are decreasing and the worrying thing is that not only at school but also at home Japanese only is spoken.
Biei, Hokkaido. Flickr id: Taro416

Biei, Hokkaido. Flickr id: Taro416

Masayuki reflects on the death of a language and its meaning.

最近の学説がどうなっているかは知らないのだけれど、言語は思考に影響を与えるという考え方は、ワタシはかなり妥当なのではないかと思っていて、だとすると、ひとつの言語が滅びるということは、その言語によって認識される「世界(観)」が消えてゆくということだと思えるのですね。

I don't know much about the recent theories but I think the theory that language has an influence on the way of thinking is appropriate. For this reason, when a language dies, also the world of values represented and implied by that language also dies.

古くからの言葉を守ろう/いや言葉は変わるもの、という議論もしばしば聞くけれど、それは、正しい言葉/正しくない言葉、という観点よりも、言葉が象る世界の「多様性」や「豊かさ」の可能性が消えてゆくのか/広がってゆくのか、という点で語られるべき話なのではないかと。

Often there is a debate on whether it is better to keep a language as it was in the past or to change it. However, more than thinking if a language is ‘right' or not, shouldn't we perhaps focus on the possibility of enrichment and variety deriving from the world that every language symbolize can vanish or [if kept] be spread?
Here is a video by Isamu Shimoji (下地 勇) singing the song Obaa in the dialect of Miyako Island. [Only 3000 people in Japan are said to be able to understand this language]

Taiwan: Dell, Caught in the WebPhotos post

On the late night of June 25, Dell, the brand that sells customized PCs, suddenly became the hottest word on Taiwan's Twitterverse, Plurksphere, and BBS, because all products listed on Dell's homepage are on unbelievable discount.

dell1

The snapshot on Dell website taken by Fred on the night of June 25.

Fred blogged about it immediately as the tsunami of order from Taiwanese Internet attacked Dell's website:

電腦大廠Dell可能因為網站程式錯誤的關係,當然也可能是因為前一陣子靠Twitter賺了三百萬美金的關係,大手筆回饋用戶,今晚在該公司官網上每一項產品都降價NT$7000,使得19吋螢幕一部只要NT$500、20吋低價版也只要NT$999。

Perhaps it's a website programming error, or perhaps it's a customer giveback for the 3 million USD sales thanks to Twitter not long ago. Tonight, all product prices listed on Dell's official website have been lowered by NT$7000, making 19-inch monitors on sale for NT$500, and 20-inch for only NT$999.

But Fred doubts:

至於Dell真的會出貨嗎?還是拿購買協議中的「Dell得無責地對其出具之行銷印刷物、報價單、價目表、出價接受函、發票或其他文件或資料的印刷錯誤、筆誤或其他錯誤或遺漏進行更正。」來自保呢? 不知道,「有夢最美」。:)

Will Dell really ship the products? Or will Dell save itself by using the Terms and Conditions, which states: “To the extent permitted by law, any typographical, clerical or other error or omission in sales literature, quotation, price list, acceptance of offer, invoice or other documents or information issued by Dell shall be subject to correction without any liability on the part of Dell.” I don't know, but we can always dream. :)

However, Dell ‘fixed' the pricing errors the next morning. And in the afternoon, Dell released another announcement:

「戴爾(臺灣)的網站系統於6月25日的資訊中出現DELL液晶螢幕的線上價格標示錯誤。我們正在深入瞭解整體訂單狀況,並將直接與顧客聯繫,妥善處理這個事情。對於為客戶帶來的不便深表歉意。」

On June 25, the website system for Dell (Taiwan) displayed pricing errors for LCD monitors. We are scrutinizing the overall situation of the orders. We will contact the customers directly to resolve this matter properly. We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause to our customers.

iThome reports:

據消保會公佈的資訊,戴爾上週8個多小時標錯價期間,系統共湧入2萬6千多客戶,共4萬3千多筆訂單,訂購了將近14萬台液晶顯 示器。若每台19吋螢幕以當時錯誤標價每台500元保守估計,8個多小時湧入的訂單金額最少7千萬元以上,而損失金額若以每台5000元估計,若全數出貨 損失可能高達7億元。但實際上也有很多網友以999元訂購20吋螢幕,這部份的損失將讓損失擴大。既使依消保會所說的,每筆訂單依當時標價出貨一台,損失 也可能超過2億元。

According to the information provided by Consumer Protection Commission, Dell website received 26,000 visits from customers, who placed a total of 43,000 orders with the wrong price within 8 hours. If the 19 inch LCD was sold for 500 NTD each, the estimated loss will be at least 70 million. If they were sold for 5,000 NTD each, the loss could total 7 billion. But in fact, many online customers also bought the 20 inch LCD monitor that was priced at 999 NTD. This portion of the sale would further increase the loss. Even if Dell does according to Consumer Protection Commission's announcement - ship one monitor per order at the corresponding price - the total loss could still exceed 2 billion NTD.

3C expert Jeremy summarized the event and shared his analysis based on past experiences:

再對照戴爾台灣的聲明,推測可能的處理情況應該是:戴爾台灣恐怕會發信個別與下訂客戶聯繫,如果不願意取消訂單,戴爾就會負起出 貨的責任。如果對照更新後的價錢,每出一台就要損失4801元,但沒辦法,誰叫你已經登出來了,這筆帳恐怕不賠不行。所以有收到訂單確認信的人,我想拿到 螢幕的可能性很高。

After reading Dell Taiwan's statement, I believe one possible solution is this: Dell Taiwan will probably email every customer who has placed an order. If the customer refuses to cancel the order, Dell will be responsible for shipping it. Dell will lose $4801 for every monitor shipped. And unfortunately, Dell has to honor its words. Therefore, for those who received an order confirmation, I believe their chances of receiving their order is very high.

However, after the pricing error incident on Dell's Taiwan website, many among those who placed orders online are not satisfied with the Dell's initial statement. Customers flood into Dell's Facebook page to express their complaints. Dell's page suddenly become filled with messages in Traditional Chinese from Taiwanese users.

According to major websites and social networking sites, the main reason for the enormous dissatisfaction has been due to the order reply Dell sent out to buyers on June 26, which contains the following words:

戴爾股份有限公司(臺灣)的網站系統 (www.dell.com.tw) 於6月25日11PM至6月26日7AM期間,資訊中出現線上價格標示錯誤, 現已經將價格更正。由於價格錯誤,在此期間下的訂單將不被接受。我們正在深入調查,待瞭解狀況後將直接與顧客聯繫,妥善處理這個事情。為此給客戶帶來的任何不便, 我們深感歉意。

The website (www.dell.com.tw) for Dell, Inc. (Taiwan) made pricing errors from 11PM on June 25 to 7AM on June 26. The prices are now updated. Because of the pricing errors, all orders accepted during this time will not be accepted. We are examining the situation, and will contact customers directly to resolve this matter when we gain a better understanding. We deeply apologize to our customers for any inconvenience.

dellt1

An T-shirt designed by irritated painting blogger pigx3s

dellt

Another T-shirt designed by nokimi

This event sparked netizens' creativity. A ballad song by Taiwanese pop star Jay Chou was reproduced with lyrics that mock the situation by Facebook user Ya Chi Liao.And, a Dell Music video by designer Even Wu has been pushed(digged) by more than 1100 users on funp, a digg-like website.

Gururu suggests that Dell should get someone on micro-blogging to deal and prevent such incident:

由於,台灣市場不大之故,因此, DELL 戴爾公司站在全球佈局的立場來說,將大中華區的網站業務部門建立在全球最大的華人市場-中國之中,這是件無可厚非之事。但,倘若 DELL 戴爾公司可以如同在日本的Direct2Dell_JP微網誌一樣,於台灣市場之中複刻一個的 Direct2Dell_TW微網誌(Twitter與Plurk可同步設立),我相信這件事情會完全改觀。

Due to the small size of the Taiwanese market, Dell has set up its Chinese division in the center of its biggest Sino-market, China. There's nothing wrong with it. But if Dell can copy Direct2Dell_JP's model and set up a micro-blogging interface, both on Twitter and Plurk, to service the Taiwanese market, I believe the matter could be changed completely.

一來,Direct2Dell_TW微網誌不一定要有台灣的負責人員,他可以是香港或其他以繁體中文語係為主的負責人員。當 Direct2Dell_TW微網誌中發佈此一產品的售價連結訊息時,顧客面對此一超級優惠的價格,必然會有人發言詢問。負責人員可以在第一時間內,馬上 知情並做網站內部系統的修正。

By doing so, Direct2Dell_TW does not necessarily need a Taiwanese representative. The person in charge can be based in Hong Kong or other regions that primarily use Traditional Chinese language. Whenever Direct2Dell_TW publish product pricing related messages, customers could inquire about the sale. Meanwhile, the staff in charge could send a notice to fix the internal error on the website without delay.

Not everyone is against Dell. Airline623 does not like the way how many Taiwanese buyers behave in this event:

對我而言,用「網路暴力」來形繪此事,恰如其份。 大家捫心自問,當你看到這麼不合理的折扣時,依經驗法則判斷,理應知道這應該是價格標錯了吧?或許用不著你來判斷,因為在網路上許多文章擺明寫道:「戴爾 標錯價錢啦!大家快去買!」。 DELL要不要為這個疏失負責?當然要,但當大家採取這種趕盡殺絕的態度,只會讓DELL更傾向不願善意處理的一端。如果我是DELL,看到態度強悍的消 費者佔大多數,媽的賭爛到了,這時我只要發佈一個新聞稿:「本公司網站疑似遭駭客入侵,竄改本公司商品之價目」,你們這群王八也拿我沒轍。

To me, it is very appropriate to use the term “Internet Brutality” to portray this matter. Everyone, according your own experiences and logic, when you see this unreasonable discount, you must know there has been a mistake. Or perhaps you don't even need to reason, because various articles online have pointed out, ‘Dell made a mistake on pricing labels! Everyone hurry up and place your orders! Should Dell be responsible for this error? Of course. But if people decides to adopt a merciless attitude, Dell may lean towards a less advantageous settlement for the consumers. If I were DELL, with so many irrational and aggressive customers, I would think, hell, bad luck. And all I'd have to do is announce : “Dear Customers: Our website may have been hacked and items price modified ” Then you son of bitch won't be able to do anything.

CGS also questions:

但我想問問這次購買的人,扣掉價格的因素,真的會想購買 Dell 產品的機會有多少?除了這次的價格大殺盤,下單的人買過或用過 Dell 產品的有多少?Dell 咬牙出貨的話,真的會贏得這些客戶的忠誠嗎?還是這些人只是拿到產品後,得了便宜,還罵 Dell 一聲呆呢?

But I'd like to ask those who placed their orders, aside from the discount, who really wanted to buy from Dell? Aside from this huge sale, how many of you have actually bought and used a Dell product? If Dell really incur the loss and ship the orders, would it really get customer loyalty in return? Or would those who get the products on sale, after getting a cheap deal, dismiss Dell as simply stupid?

Subing, however, thinks quite the opposite:

同樣的事情在台灣卻是一齣叫人厭煩的爛戲,首先是DELL,由事發到現在已經好幾天了,有許多下單買LCD的人連一封email都沒有收到,在聲明中DELL也只表示願意與另一個強勢者,也就是政府的消保機構協調,完全視消費者於無物。 有人或許會為政府的消保單位喝采,但是在這個過程中,我看到的是台灣的消費者完全被當作沒有行為能力也沒有任何權力的嬰兒,只有等待大人出面才能幫我們爭取權力。

This type of situation in Taiwan seems like a boring drama. First there's Dell, days after the incident, many of those who placed the orders for the LCD monitors have not even received an email. And in its public announcement, Dell has made it clear that it would only negotiate with the other powerful actor, the Consumer Protection Commission. The consumers are completely sidelined. Perhaps some are rooting for the government agency CPC, but in the process, the Taiwanese consumer has been treated as infants with no ability nor rights to defend themselves, waiting for the adults to solve their problems.

Yeager Yu on Engadget Chinese discusses the possibility of “error-price” marketing:

老實說,趁現在熱度夠的時候,做標錯價行銷是最讚的了,一來會在網路上流傳,二來新聞也會幫忙播報。當然,在預期上來講,要搞刻 意製造的標錯價,需要有很大的勇氣,因為你沒辦法確定要砸下多少錢,才會有效果。不過,老實說,對於大公司來講,對於一個重要的產品做行銷,或是特定時機 做行銷,砸下幾百萬,是很常見的。 因此,標錯價行銷,絕對是有機會成為行銷事件的可能性。

To be honest, having an ‘error-pricing' marketing strategy while the news is still popular would be great; not only do you get the word-of-mouth on the internet, you also get news coverage on the media. Of course, you need a lot of guts to pursue error-pricing marketing, because you can never know for sure how much money you need to invest to get the desired effect. But to be honest, for any big company, spending a couple million to market an important product or for seasonal marketing is pretty common. So, this price-error marketing can definitely become a marketing event.

Willy concludes his analysis [with the following paragraph:

另外,現在大家看到這篇應該會覺得挺諷刺的啊:戴爾顧客決定一切! 在這次事件中,戴爾會死的那麼慘,很大一部分是因為「微網誌」,諷刺的是,dell本身還因為運用twitter推特得當,常常被當作微網誌運用的典範,但他這次就死在這上面.

In addition, those who are reading this must find this ironic: “Dell customers decides everything!” In this incident, Dell has failed so horribly largely due to “micro-blogging”. Ironically, Dell has utilized Twitter quite well, and has been held up as a model for doing so. And this time it was screwed over by the same technology that it used to promote itself.

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EvenWu simulates what will happen if Dell really ships all the LCD he ordered on The Sims 3.

Maybe the most interesting post is from Gordon168 who did not bother to order any Dell products because he argues that even with the error price, Dell's products are still too expensive(zh) in comparison with other indigenous Taiwanese brands.

Dell released their final terms of settlement on July 2 in which Dell promise to give 1000-3000 NTD discount to all orders, but not everyone is OK with that and the debate continues(zh).

This post is written and translated by Portnoy and Cindy Hwang.

Does Global Financial Crisis Affect Kyrgyzstan?

Slon.ru writes [ru] that global financial crisis started in the February, 2007. That month Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) stopped the buying-out the subprime mortgages. A lot of American and European banks take up the lead of Freddie Mac in Summer, 2007. It leaded to the bankruptcy in the financial sector and the global financial crisis started.

Two years passed. Has the global financial crisis affected Kyrgyzstan?
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