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March 12th, 2009

   

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Arab World: Culture, Culture Everywhere

Across the Gulf various cultural festivals and literary events have been taking place in recent weeks, and in this post we hear from some of the region's bloggers who have attended them. However culture is not a politics-free zone; even a book fair or a cultural festival can be a source of tension…

We start with the United Arab Emirates. The Dubai In Vogue blog writes about the busy cultural scene in Abu Dhabi, saying it is “one of the most interesting places of all seven emirates.” A major occasion in the book events calendar is the Abu Dhabi International Book Fair, which will be taking place from 17 to 22 March.

Still in the Emirates, Dubai has been hosting a number of literary events recently. Existential Al Ain recorded Saudi author Rajaa al-Sanea when she was speaking at the Emirates Airline International Festival of Literature held in Dubai from 26 February to 1 March (the festival was also mentioned at the English PEN World Atlas blog). It was followed by the Dubai International Poetry Festival from 4 to 10 March.

Also in Dubai, Osama writes about attending a performance to remember:

ليلة البارحة خضت تجربة رائعة ومثيرة في نفس الوقت، وذلك بعد أن أتيحت لي الفرصة لحضور العرض المثير من CIRQUE DU SOLEIL وهي مجموعة استعراضية عالمية حلت رحالها في دبي بدءا من الخامس من شهر مارس الجاري على أن تستمر عروضها حتى الخامس من شهر أبريل القادم.[…] تذاكر الدخول مرتفعة الثمن بعض الشيء حيث يترواح سعر التذكرة ما بين ٣٠٠ دهم بالنسبة للدرجة الثالثة ويصل إلي ١٠٠٠ دهم بالنسبة لمقاعد الVIP لكنها من وجهة نظري مغامرة تستحق التجربة…
Last night, I experienced something exciting and amazing at the same time. I got the opportunity to attend an exciting show by the international Cirque du Soleil, whose performances in Dubai started on March 5 and will continue until April 5. […] The entry tickets are a bit expensive as they range from 300 dirhams [81 USD] for the third class to 1,000 dirhams [272 USD] for the VIP section. However, in my opinion it is an adventure that is worth experiencing.

In Bahrain, the Spring of Culture has just started, a cultural festival that will run throughout March and April. Mohammed Marhoon attended a concert by young Palestinian and German musicians called Celebrating Jerusalem, and describes the experience here [Ar].

In Saudi Arabia, the Riyadh Book Fair is currently taking place (3-13 March), and a number of bloggers have attended. Ahmed at Saudi Jeans says:

While I sincerely hope that the Ministry of Culture and Information would drop the word ‘International’ from the name of what has become the most important cultural event in the Saudi calendar, I’m glad that the Riyadh Book Fair is back again. Seeing the crowds celebrate books and reading is heartwarming, regardless of whatever gripes I might have about the organizers and their approach.

He adds:

I think the book fair this year is better than the previous ones, except, of course, for the usual kerfuffles by the religious police. […] They made another scene last night when they decided that saleswomen are not allowed to be there on men’s days. All saleswomen were kicked out. I really don’t see the point of having the religious police in the book fair, but it is obviously part of the compromise deal the Ministry of Culture and Information had to make with the conservatives in order for the book fair to go on.

John Burgess at Crossroads Arabia picks up on Ahmed's point about a compromise, and says:

I recommend that next year, there be no compromise. The Commission [the religious police] clearly doesn’t understand what book fairs are about and thus have nothing useful to add. Perhaps if they publish a book or two, they might have reason to be there. They could certainly benefit by reading more about Islam, however…

In fact the Commission had their own stall this year, which Ruhsa mentions:

The recent change of the Commission leadership by King Abdullah was noted by many. The new head has since then made several statements about the new role of the commission, and the need to tone down the tension. A noteworthy attempt is the Commission PR booth at the Riyadh Book Fair. […] It features examples of items that they have confiscated, photos of items found in raids and also the reasons WHY they are banned. There were also several Commission members explaining things at this fairly popular booth! […] Judging by the number of people that thronged the booth, it was clearly a hit! Perhaps the [Commission] needs to further reach out through such toned down and educational means. It would certainly give them an opportunity to develop a friendlier relationship with the population.

Saudiwoman mentions the Commission as well:

They did have one of the biggest stalls though and not a book in sight. What they did have on display is all the witchcraft that they have confiscated over the years and a huge flat screen TV with a video running showing how they reverse spells.

She also says:

Of all the stalls, I saw only one manned by a woman. She told me that she only comes when the book fair is open to women. She came on the first day and it was open to men only and she found it extremely awkward. So whenever it’s men only, she gets a guy to come in her place. She came all the way from France for this lame book fair.

Two other recent posts at Crossroads Arabia concern culture. One post comments on two American newspaper articles about cultural life in Saudi Arabia today, while the other mentions a change in policy:

For the first time, the annual Janadriyah Festival—a government-sponsored celebration of all things Saudi—is being opened to women as parts of families. In the past, there had been special days on which women could attend the festival, but women and only women were allowed on those days; adult male family members were excluded. This is, truly, a tiny step, but it’s an important one.

Honey vendor at Janadriya Festival in Saudi Arabia by Ashraf Osman

Honey vendor at Janadriya Festival in Saudi Arabia by Ashraf Osman

We end in Iraq, where Salam Pax writes about the politics of culture:

Around two weeks ago I heard in passing a news item on TV saying that an Iranian Arts and Culture festival is going to be held at the National Theatre and The Arts Palace (formerly Saddam Modern Arts Centre). This happened around the time our officials and Iranian officials were working hard to get into the Guinness Book of Records for the most flights clocked between Iraq and Iran in a fifteen-day period. This unprecedented public display of affection between the leaders of the two countries was making a lot of Sunnis here very nervous.

Soon after he saw a poster with the following slogans:

“Iranian (art) exhibitions are aimed to distort Iraq’s identity”. and below it in yellow: “Iranian (culture) is an axe poised to crush Iraq’s cultural identity”. And the images are of the national theatre and the arts palace.

Brazil: On the Vatican's condemnation of raped-child's abortion

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Olinda and Recife's archbishop, dom José Cardoso Sobrinho, by Alexandre Severo, published under a Creative Commons license

In the last week of February, a 9-year-old girl of just 79 pounds in weight and height of 1.33 meters, from the lower-middle class and a poor area in the northeastern state of Pernambuco, complained to her mother of severe stomach pains. They went together to a health unit, where they discovered the girl was 15-weeks pregnant, expecting twins. Only then, the girl confessed to her mother that her stepfather had been raping her and her older sister, aged 14, for the last 3 years. The stepfather has been detained and has admitted sexually abusing the girl since she was 6 years old. He may stay in jail until the end of the investigation.

After much opposition from the Catholic Church, a legal abortion was performed by a medical team. Brazilian law bans abortion except in cases of rape (up to the twentieth week of pregnancy), and when there is risk of death for the mother. Her case ticked all the boxes.

Nevertheless, the case has lead to a social battle involving the Roman Catholic Church and the judiciary: supported by the Vatican, the archbishop of Olinda and Recife, Dom José Cardoso Sobrinho, excommunicated the mother, the doctor and the whole medical team responsible for the operation. The girl was spared, as Catholic Church law says minors are exempt from excommunication. The archbishop, however, did not excommunicate the stepfather, and declared that “a graver act (than rape) is abortion, to eliminate an innocent life.”

The news has rekindled the abortion issue in Brazil, and in addition, highlighted the influence of the Roman Catholic Church in the personal and judicial decisions of a secular state, stimulating the Portuguese-speaking blogosphere. Sebastião Nunes, in his Responsa de Pedra [pt] blog, says:

É impressionante a hipocrisia envolvida neste julgamento inquisitorial feito pala Igreja Católica. Uma criança violentada em seu corpo e seus direitos, desde os 6 anos de idade, com risco elevado de morrer pela continuação da gestação, tem, conforme a estúpida decisão destes cardeais, que aceitar a beleza do milagre da vida e morrer, se necessário for, pois esta foi a vontade de Deus.

E depois a Igreja Católica não entende porque o povo abandona as suas fileiras. Conforme o julgamento da Igreja foi a vontade de Deus que fez o padrasto da criança estuprá-la covardemente. Triste Deus este.

The hypocrisy involved in this inquisitional trial performed by the Catholic Church is amazing. A raped child in her body and rights, abused since the age of 6, facing a high risk of death if the pregnancy is not interrupted, must accept the beauty of the miracle of life and death if necessary, because this was God's will, as per the stupid decision of cardinals.
And then the Catholic Church will not understand why people leave their ranks. According to the Church's trial, God's will has made the girl's cowardly stepfather rape her. A sad God, this one is.

With a pinch of irony, Lele Teles, on his Technosapiens [en] blog, laments that the cleric has punished a fragile victim right on International Women's Day:

O mais indignante é que no dia internacional da mulher, um senhorzinho religioso aparece para mostrar que o mundo dele ainda é machista, e que machistas deveriam ser o estado e a ciência.

O bispo queria que a menina seguisse grávida de outra menina porque ele diz que defende o direito à vida. Mas como a menina de nove anos de idade corria risco de morte se continuasse com a gestação, logo, subentende-se que o bispo defendia a vida do… estuprador.

The most disgusting thing is that on International Women's Day, a little religious man appears to show that his world is still sexist, and that sexism should dominate the State and science. The bishop wanted the child to bear another child just because he says he supports the right to life. But as the 9-year-old girl was at risk of death if the pregnancy went on, so it is understood that the bishop protected the life of the… rapist.

Vitor Lessa's blog has a publication called Ignorância [Ignorance, pt], and asks if the Catholic Church knows that we live in a secular state, and if they know that not everybody belongs to their institution and many question the points of views 'suggested' by the Vatican.

[…] ele [o cardeal] está afirmando que devemos voltar a idade média quando o Estado e a Igreja se confundiam e o clero ditava as regras supostamente estabelecidas por Deus. Quando milhões de pessoas foram queimadas em nome de Deus, quando a igreja dizia que os homens deviam servir a seu senhor feudal porque Deus assim desejava e muitos outros fatos. Em momento nenhum ele pensou que o Brasil não é constituido somente de católicos, que o Brasil é um país laico (sem religião definida) e que os seus habitantes elegeram pessoas que fizeram uma constituição legítima para reger o país e sua população. Em momento nenhum o bispo lembrou que não está na idade média e que, acima da instituição a qual ele pertence, existe um Estado que deve atender às necessidades de todos os seus cidadãos. Afinal, todos são iguais perante a lei e pagam impostos para sustentar a nação. Não pensem que essa é uma atitude isolada de um bispo, é uma postura sustentada pela Igreja católica. A igreja católica não somente é contra o aborto em casos de estupro, mas também contra a lei que protege os homossexuais, que pagam impostos e são juridicamente iguais ao bispo. Portanto, se a igreja aceita que parcelas oprimidas (como as mulheres que são agredidas por seus maridos) sejam protegidas por lei, por que outra parcela como a dos homossexuais não podem ser progida? Afinal, são ou não são todos iguais? A igreja católica também proibe o uso de camisinha ou qualquer método anticoncepcional.

[…]

[…] He [the Cardinal] is saying we should return to the Middle Ages, back when the state and church were together and the clergy disctated the rules supposedly laid down by God. When millions of people were burned in the name of God, when the church said that men should serve their feudal lords just because God wished so, and many other facts. He has never thought that Brazil is not only inhabited by Catholics, that Brazil is a secular country (without a set religion) and its inhabitants have elected a legitimate constitution to govern the country and its people. The bishop has never remembered that we no longer live in the Middle Ages and that, above the institution to which he belongs, there is the State that should meet the needs of all its citizens. After all, everyone is equal before the law and pay taxes to support the nation. I do not think that this is the isolated action of a bishop, it is a stance supported by the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is not only against abortion in cases of rape, but also against the law protecting homosexuals, who pay taxes and are legally equal to the bishop. So if the church accepts that law protects the oppressed minorities (such as women who are beaten by their husbands), why can't another group, such as homosexuals, be protected too? After all, are we equal or not? The Catholic Church also forbids the use of condoms or birth control methods.

Daniel Braga talks about the issue on his blog Mausoléu do Gargula [pt] in a post called Religious Blindness. In this post, he asks a series of questions that deal with not only the physical conditions of the girl, but the financial conditions and feasibility of someone having two children at the age of 9:

Acredito que uma das piores coisas já inventadas pelo homem é a cegueira religiosa. Observem bem que não estou falando da religião em si, pois esta é realmente importante ao homem, mas sim de dogmas absurdos que acabam causando a cegueira religiosa.

[…]

Surgem algumas perguntas e não vou de forma alguma respondê-las, deixando a todos a tarefa de refletir sobre as possíveis respostas:

  • Será que esta menina conseguirá prosseguir com esta gravidez sem que seu corpo seja mais maltratado do que já está? Poderia esta gravidez ter um risco elevado levando então a morte das crianças, todas as três?
  • Como uma criança poderá criar estas duas crianças?
  • Qual o dano social futuro desta família?
  • Como estará a mente desta pobre criança que deveria estar brincando com bonecas mas que foi o alvo dos abusos de um estuprador?
  • Como será a estrutura familiar que esta menina vive?
  • Como ficaria esta mesma estrutura familiar depois do nacimento destes bebês?
  • Qual deveria ser o papel da religião neste caso? Um papel punitivo ou confortante?
  • Sendo punida, direta ou indiretamente, pelos representantes religiosos, como esta criança se sentirá agora? Será que ela somatizará os problemas jogando em si mesma a responsabilidade do hediondo fato?
I think that religious blindness is one of the worst things man has invented. Note that I am not talking about religion itself, because this is really important to people, but the absurd dogma that eventually causes religious blindness.

[…]

Questions arise and I will not in any way answer them, leaving the task to all of you, so everybody can reflect on the possible answers:

  • Could this girl continue with her pregnancy without her body being more damaged than it is already? Could this high-risk pregnancy lead the children to death, all three of them?
  • How could a child raise these two children?
  • What is the future social damage for this family?
  • How is the mind of this poor child who should be playing with dolls but was the target of abuse from a rapist?
  • How is the structure of the family this girl lives with?
  • How would this same family structure be afterwards, if these babies were born?
  • What should be the role of religion in this case? A punitive role or a comforting one?
  • Being punished, directly or indirectly, by religious representatives, how does this child feel now?
  • Does she have physical problems, is she taking the responsibility on herself of this heinous fact?

Even President Lula has talked about the issue, saying he is Catholic and personally against abortion, but as a head of state he supports the practice in cases like this (and as a health care issue). He has also criticized the Catholic Church's position:

[…] a medicina fez o que tinha que ser feito, salvar a vida de uma menina de 9 anos. […] Como cristão e como católico, lamento profundamente que um bispo da Igreja católica tenha um comportamento, eu diria, conservador como esse.

[…] Medicine did what had to be done, saved the life of a 9-year-old girl, […] As a Christian and a Catholic, I find it deeply lamentable that a bishop of the Catholic Church has such a conservative attitude.

The Catholic Church’s lawyer said that he would file a complaint for murder against the girl’s mother, based on Articles 1 and 5 of the Federal Constitution, which guarantee the inviolability of the right to life. He said that “in addition to considering our religious beliefs, our complaint is tied to the Constitution.” But the public prosecutor [pt] in Pernambuco has spoken about the case:

O Ministério Público de Pernambuco, através da promotora Jeanne Bezerra, está acompanhando junto à Secretaria Executiva da Mulher e à ONG Curumim o caso da garota de nove anos grávida em decorrência de estupro em Alagoinha. De acordo com as informações repassadas à promotora pelo órgão e pela entidade, a garota está recebendo o acompanhamento médico, psicológico e social assegurados pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente. Até agora, não foi necessária a atuação judicial do MPPE. Como a legislação brasileira PERMITE o aborto em vítimas de estupro até a 20ª semana de gestão (entendimento do STJ), o procedimento pode ser realizado de acordo com avaliação médica, INDEPENDE de autorização judicial e, portanto, de parecer do Ministério Público.

The Public Prosecutor of Pernambuco, through promoter Jeanne Bezerra, along with the Executive Secretariat of Women and the NGO Curumim, is following up the case of the 9-year-old girl made pregnant due to rape in Alagoinha. According to information made available by the promoter, the girl is receiving medical, psychological and social care guaranteed by the Child and Adolescent Statute. Until now, no judicial action was necessary from the MPPE [Pernambuco’s prosecutor]. As Brazilian law allows abortion to victims of rape until the twentieth week of pregnancy (according to the STJ [Supreme Court]), the procedure can be performed under medical evaluation, independent of judicial authorization, and therefore of the opinion of the prosecutor.

Most of the reactions on the blogosphere are critical of the Catholic Church’s attitude, but there were a small group of bloggers supporting the Brazilian archbishop's decision to excommunicate all involved in the abortion. Among them, Jorge Ferraz [pt], from Pernambuco, has written an open letter to Dom José Cardoso Sobrinho and received over 100 comments, both supporting him and against the Church's decision. And in another, earlier open letter, Maite Tosta [pt], who is also a mother, says that the Church's decision could not be more correct:

Nesse momento, em que essa menina precisava de apoio, de ajuda, de atendimento médico, psicológico e porque não, espiritual, vozes se levantaram para apontar uma saída “mais fácil”, que querem fazer crer que era a única razoável…

Logicamente, a situação da menina preocupa. Mas e os gêmeos? Não merecem nosso cuidado? Nossa preocupação? A vida humana não-nascida é tão vida quanto a nascida, e merece o mesmo cuidado. Por serem frutos de uma relação violenta, que não deveria ter sido consumada, não são humanos? Quer dizer que um feto é gente quando é desejado, e é coisa quando não o é?

O que é mais fácil para os envolvidos? Dar assistência, cuidar, acompanhar? Ou “eliminar o problema”? Mas… pergunto, mais fácil para quem? Afinal, essa menina vai crescer, não sem marcas deixadas por esse episódio. Apesar de todas as pessoas ao seu redor lhe dizerem que foi melhor assim, que seu corpo não comportava, que era gravidez de risco, que eram crianças frutos de violência e ela não precisava conviver com elas, que a lei não pune… ela sempre terá na sua consciência que consentiu na morte dos próprios filhos… essa é uma memória que não se apaga nunca, e que tem um gosto amargo.

At the moment, when this girl needed support, aid, medical, psychological and why not, spiritual care, voices were raised to point out an “easier” way, they wanted us to believe it was the only reasonable one…

Logically, the situation of the child is worrying. But what about the twins? Don't they deserve our attention? Our concerns? Non-born human life is as much life as in born humans, and deserves the same care. Because they were fruits of a violent relationship, which should not have been consummated, are they not human? Does it mean that a fetus is a person when it is wanted, and when it is not desired it is just a thing?

What is easier for those involved? Providing assistance, care, monitoring? Or “eliminating the problem”? But… I wonder, easier for whom? After all, this girl will grow up, not without marks left by this episode. Despite all the people around her saying that it was better that way, that her body had no condition, that it was a risky pregnancy, that the children were fruits of violence and she did not need to live with them, that the law would not punish her… she will always have on her mind the fact that she consented to the death of her children… this is a memory that never goes, and that has a bitter taste.

Unfortunately, this was not the first nor, probably, the last case of its kind. Another stepfather has been arrested under suspicion of rape [pt], this time in Rio Grande do Sul. The 11-year-old girl is seven months pregnant, has been hospitalized in Rio Grande do Sul and her pregnancy brings the risk of death. The investigations are ongoing in both cases.

Ecuador: Quality Control of the Media

Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa has had a rough relationship with the media and journalists in that country. It may become even rougher after, according to the newspaper La Hora [es], his government has plans for the Law for the Socialization of Social Responsibility in Radio and Television. In addition to restrictions on types of advertisement, the law calls for at least 15 minutes daily and up to 70 minutes weekly to be provided to the state on public and private channels and stations [es] (registration required). Critics are especially worried since this is coming at time with elections on the horizon.

The proposal, which would be implemented by the National Council of Radio and Television [es] (CONARTEL for its initials in Spanish) also calls for the creation of committees of “users,” which will have the right to complain and have a say in the on-air programming. There is also talk that these committees can participate in the “process of formulation, implementation and evaluation of programs for the formulation and orientation directed to critical education for the media” and all of this is aimed at the responsibility on the part of the media and journalists.

After the report from the newspaper, CONARTEL came out to deny that such a proposal exists [es]. Regardless of the claims by the newspaper and the government, this has opened the debate about the quality of journalism in the country and their role in the political spectrum.

There are some bloggers who think that the media needs some regulation, such as Muluncayense of Mi Diario Relativo [es] has a very negative view of journalists saying that it is not a real profession. He also cites an incident where the Ecuadorian television channels had presented information inaccurately about a crime that affected a personal friend of his. Details vary and two or three newspapers present different description of a single event and in general, false information.

However, Ruben Dario Buitrón thinks that far too often the media has too close of a relationship with powerful interests [es]. Finally, he defends his trade which has been criticized, and in particular, the area of investigative journalism [es]:

Se equivocan quienes piensan que el periodista de investigación es una suerte de detective, policía o investigador privado. Pero también se equivocan quienes piensan que el papel de la prensa es acusar, sentenciar, condenar, encarcelar.

Those who think that investigative journalism is a kind of detective work, police or private investigation, are wrong. But they are also wrong those who think that the role of the press is to accuse, adjudicate, convict, and incarcerate.

Ricardo Vasconcellos of Desde mi Trinchera [es] provides evidence how journalists in Ecuador have a problem not only with presenting only one side of the news, but also how they have been minimized by Correa's government:

Responsabilizar al periodismo de tener un pacto con el pasado para obstaculizar la labor del régimen no ha sido todo. Correa ha imputado irresponsablemente a los periodistas no alineados con la “Revolución Ciudadana” la comisión de un delito de muy graves repercusiones: terrorismo.

La última vez que insultó a los periodistas fue en la sesión solemne por los 184 años de la independencia de Portoviejo. Según El Diario de esa ciudad del 25 de junio de este año “En tono molesto el presidente de la república Rafael Correa dijo (..) que el accionar del gobierno ha sido transparente y pidió a los asistentes no dejarse llevar por ciertos periodistas a los que calificó de terroristas”.

To say that journalism is responsible for having a pact with the past to place obstacles in the way of the government is not everything. Correa has irresponsibly blamed the journalists not aligned with the “Citizen's Revolution” with the charge with serious repercussions: terrorism.

The last time that he insulted journalists was in the solemn ceremony celebrating 184 years of the independence of Portoviejo. According to the (newspaper) El Diario of that city on June 25, 2008, “In a very bothered tone, the country's president Rafael Correa said (..) that his government has been transparent and asked those in attendance to not be led astray by some journalists who he described as terrorists.”

Whether or not a law for responsibility in the media is presented, the relationship between journalists and the government will continue to be a topic of discussion for Ecuadorian bloggers.

Kenya: The Big Language Dilemma For Kenyan Poet Bloggers

With over 42 dialects, Kiswahili as the National Language, English as the main business language and Sheng, a language composed of Kiswahili, English and different words from Kenyan local languages, an emerging Kenyan artist or poet has to give a lot of thought to his choice of language.

mashairiHis choice, like his style, can make or break him in the art and entertainment industry, as it is more often than not used to determine his authenticity (or lack of it), his target audience and also his genre. This will most likely affect a performing artist more than a poet as it is easier for a poet to switch between languages depending on their theme.

Kenyan poets, unlike artists, find it easier to write and perform in English as opposed to any other language. This would be closely attributed to what language enables them express themselves better, and most definitely their command of that language.

After a few interactions with a cross section of poets and by visiting their blogs, I realized that virtually none write in their mother tongue as much and very few have written in Kiswahili or Sheng.

This is with the exception of several bloggers of note who experiment not only with Kiswahili but also with Sheng and their Mother Tongues.

Ushairi Mamboleo which is Kiswahili for ‘Contemporary Poetry’, is a blog run by James Adolwa. As his blog disclaims—it is for those with a short memory span and so he does not indulge in a lot of lengthy articles—poetry for that matter.

His blog is more of a personal diary (as blogs were initially set out to be) with commentary on daily occurrences of note. However, it does also feature his poetry as well as poetry by others that have fascinated him. A sample of his poetry is Jibu Kwako ( An answer to you).

Jibu kwako
mimi sina
mpaka unipe
swali unalouliza
funga macho
alafu fikiria
Labda maono
yatakutafsiria
James Adolwa, 2004

An answer to you

I do not have
till you ask
close your eyes
think
maybe your vision
will interpret it

Mshairi (A Poet in Kiswahili) is a Kenyan blogger living in the UK dreaming of a time when the cultural, legal and political obstacles that prevent African women attaining economic independence and equality are eradicated. She hopes to see the development of gender-sensitive ICT policies leading to more African women accessing and using these technologies. Her interests are world music, poetry, books, art, love, movies, life, Africa, gender activism.

Her blog, Mshairi features her interests as well as her poetry which she writes mainly in English. A cross check of her archived posts did not reveal any shairi, Kiswahili for poetry, as I was hoping, judging by her choice of blog name. However, she is one blogger who has been using the blogosphere since 2004 to share poetry with the world.

Serina who goes by the blog name Serinaserina is also a Kenyan blogger whose writing of Kiswahili poetry is more prolific. Her tag line; “Upande Mwingine - Kila simulizi lina pande mbili.. hili ni langu” (Another side - every story has two versions… this is my version) gives one a peak into the nature of her blog's content. Hers is quite a unique blog as the different sections are defined in Kiswahili as well.

In a poem called ‘Nimetosheka‘ (I am fed up) she says,

Shughuli hapa na pale zaniita…
Kuzitimiza bila malalamiko desturi,
Ulegevu huu umetoka wapi?
Maungo kwa machofu nimevunjika,
kama mganga anayepunga pepo kilingeni…
Mwisho wa simba umeletwa na nzi!

Hapa nasema, pale nakimya…
Jogoo la shamba haliwiki mjini…
Ongeza kasi, jua latua…
Huu ni uvivu wa kike au ni balaa?
Maliza ya leo, leo… ya kesho mageni
Hivi kumbuka walipwa masaa
Lakini tena…
Sheria hazitii wasiwasi aliyetosheka!

Nimetosheka.

Commitments here and there call me
to fulfill them without complaints a habit
where did this laziness come from
my limb, broken from fatigue
like a witchdoctor who wads away evil spirits
the end to a lion is brought by flies

Here I talk, there I keep quiet
a village cockerel does not crow in the city
hasten, the sun sets
is this female laziness or a disaster?
finish today's task today, tomorrow's is a new one
remember you are paid by the hour
but then again
rules do not worry him who is content

I am content

Cindy Ogana- a Kenyan blogger, poet, TV producer and thespian shared with me some of her thoughts on choice of language in poetry in this brief interview:

Q. What language do you specialize in when writing/performing your poetry?
A. English
Q. Why?
A. It is my register, the language that my brain deciphers as communication
Q. Do you use any other languages?
A. Nope
Q. With Kiswahili as Kenya's National language, why do you think Mashairi (Kiswahili for poetry) are not very popular for performing poets?
A. Because most Kenyans don’t speak fluent Kiswahili
Q. Have you ever explored writing in Sheng?
A. Yes
Q. Why?
A. To give my writing a more social feel
Q. Have you ever writing a poem in your mother tongue?
A. Nope
Q. Why not?
A. I cant speak it very well
Q. Do you think poems in mother tongue have a future on the internet and on performing stages?
A. Yes

The video below features Ukoo Flani Mau Mau, Kenyan renown Hip Hop group, as they celebrate Kenyan writers in a song called Mashairi (Kiswahili for poems).

This dilemma on language is not only faced by Cindy but a cross section of Kenyan poets in their writing and performances. Grand Master Masese and Njeri Wangari are some of the poets who constantly experiment with Sheng, Kiswahili and even their mother tongue in their poems posted on their blogs as well in performance.

Maisha ya Hawker (the life of a hawker) is Njeri’s latest piece written in a mix of Kiswahili, Sheng and Kikuyu – her mother tongue, a language used by most ware sellers who constantly invade the Nairobi pedestrian walks and streets trying to eke out a living.
An extract from Wangari's ‘Maisha ya Hawker’ poem

Hamsini, fifty
Fifty, hamsini
Hamsini, fifty
Ya jioni
Hamsini
Tops
Fifty
Mali
Ya jioni
Fifty, hamsini

Mathee, auntie, sistee
Bei ni ya jioni
Ni kuoya kuoya
Kira kitu na hamsini
Vitu ni ya kamera
Nguo ni ya wanga bado inanuka mafuta ya dege

Fifty, fifty
fifty, fifty
Evening rate
fifty
tops
fifty
goods
evening rate
fifty shillings

The rate is the evening's
hurry and pick
everything is fifty shillings
good as new products
new clothes, still smell of plane fuel(fresh from the plane)

Grand Master in an earlier piece writes,

Literature ni maisha yetu na ni kioo chetu,
uliza Joseph Ngunjiri na Njeri Wangari
Tunaikabiri hatari kupitia mistari
Kupitia poetry na sound Club Soundd
Udia Kamozo sorry Kamonjo
ma-paintings vibonzo
Dennis Inkwa na Leon Kiptum
Poetry zao ukiskia akili ina-jump
Mwambie Udia Kamonjo
Hii ndio expression of my time

Literature is our life and our mirror
as Joseph Ngunjiri and Njeri Wangari
We testify it in verses
in poetry and sound at club Soundd
Yudia Kamonjo
great paintings
Dennis Inkwa and Leon Kiptum
Their Poetry makes your mind want to go crazy
tell Yudia Kamonjo
This is the expression of my time

The essence of a language is to communicate with one’s audience and in a world where more than half the population understands English, it is no wonder that poets find it an easy option. However, for a Kenyan poet seeking an identity on global stage and the promotion of African languages in the blogosphere, then Kiswahili does give them the edge of originality and authenticity.

Let us hope that there will be more poems in other Kenyan languages on performing stages and on the internet.

New Citizen Media Projects Foster Rising Voices in Ivory Coast, Liberia, China, Mongolia, and Yemen

In January we received over 270 proposals from activists, bloggers, and NGO's all wanting to use citizen media tools to bring new communities - long ignored by both traditional and new media - to the conversational web. It was, by far, the highest number of proposals Rising Voices has ever received in its two-year history of supporting citizen media training projects. The growing interest in citizen media from civil society shows that we truly are undergoing a major transformation in how we inform ourselves about the rest of the world and who is able to contribute that information.

Of the 270 project proposals, the following five are most representative of the innovation, purpose and goodwill that Rising Voices aims to support.

Abidjan Blog Camps

Théophile Kouamouo has long been one of Francophone Africa's leading bloggers. Based in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, Kouamouo is one of the founders of the Ivoire Blog network and started the wildly successful meme “Why I Blog About Africa.” (Elia Varela Serra summarized many of the resulting responses in a two-part series on Global Voices.) Kouamouo is now trying to bring many more of his countrymen and women to the blogosphere by organizing a series of “blog camps” around Abidjan in which current Ivorian bloggers can discuss the issues affecting them and show new bloggers how to join their ranks. Kouamouo first proposed the idea on his blog back in August last year, which attracted a number of enthusiastic commenters supporting the idea. Blog Camps have a long history of attracting new citizens to the participatory net. A number of blog camps have taken place in India, including in Chennai in 2006 and, more recently, in Mumbai. Blogcamp CEE last October brought many new participants to the Russian-speaking blogosphere. For the most part, however, West Africa (and particularly Francophone West Africa) has been left out of the booming global blogosphere. That is starting to change. Panos West Africa, in partnership with Highway Africa and Global Voices, recently announced the winners of the Waxal - Blogging Africa Awards. Next year we can expect to find many more Ivorians on that list as Théophile Kouamouo sets out to organize a series of events that will bring dozens if not hundreds of Ivorians to the blogosphere. Abidjan Blog Camps will also promote more pan-African online interaction by teaming up with existing blog camp movements in Madagascar, Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, and South Africa.

Ceasefire Liberia

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Just west of Ivory Coast lies Liberia and its roughly 3.5 million inhabitants. Settled by free slaves from the United States in the early 19th century, Liberia fell into a 14-year dark period of civil war and lawlessness that concluded in late 2003 with the presence of ECOWAS and the United Nations. Today Liberia is slowly recovering despite inadequate infrastructure, unemployment at around 80%, and former combatants (many of them minors) who must be re-integrated into society. Many unemployed Liberians have put their hopes in friends and relatives living abroad in the United States. However, there is often a lack of communication and understanding between Liberians at home and those living in the diaspora. By partnering with African Refuge - a drop-in center for West African youth - and the Century Dance Complex in Park Hill, Staten Island (the largest Liberian community outside of Africa), and Amnesty International in Monrovia, freelance journalist Ruthie Ackerman aims to help foster a transatlantic Liberian blogging community.

Those Liberians who lived through the war — whether soldiers or not — experienced some type of trauma or displacement. By creating a community and sharing experiences with others, it has helped give these youth a purpose and vision that there is something larger than themselves. This will benefit the community (on both sides of the ocean) on many levels: Liberians, many of whom have difficulty adjusting to life in America, can reconnect with their families and dispel myths about what life is like in the U.S. There are also left-over tensions from the war, which may be able to be diffused through the dialogue created between the communities.

Real Experience of the Digital Era - China


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Shenyang, literally meaning “the city to the north of Shen River” and capital of the Liaoning province, is touting itself as China's “next tourist destination.” But whether you are visiting the ancient pagodas of Old City or the official “High-tech Industrial Development Zone” the tourist brochures won't mention the city's male and female sex workers who mostly come from poor rural communities in search of talked-up urban opportunities. In partnership with the Ai Zhi Yuan Zhu Center for Health and Education documentary filmmaker Wei Zhang will train male and female sex workers who use the AZYZ center how to maintain a blog and upload short video documentaries to share their experiences, opinions, and troubles in order to promote more understanding of the region's sex worker population.

Nomad Green - Mongolia

Environment officials from throughout Northeast Asia met in Ulaanbaatar this week for the first time to discuss climate change and how to enhance energy efficiency in the region. Mongolia's capital city was a fitting location for the meeting as the country's environmental deterioration has accelerated recently due to rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and increased coal consumption. Ulaanbaatar is frequently shrouded in a haze of thick pollution:

Desertification from climate change is threatening the livelihoods of nomadic Mongolian tribesmen and the country's saiga antelope was just named the most endangered antelope species in Asia. It is amid so much negative news that Portnoy Zheng, in collaboration with the Mongolian and Tibetan Foundation and the Mongolian Green Party, will train Mongolian citizens how to spread awareness - both at home and abroad - about their country's environmental crisis. Nomad Green aims to 1.) train citizen journalists how to use blogs, digital video, podcasts, and map mashups to report on environmental news, 2.) create a network and community of environmentalists sharing and spreading information about related threats, solutions, and opportunities, and 3.) translate content into Chinese and English to promote more regional and international cooperation in facing Mongolia's environmental challenges.

Empowerment of Women Activists in Media Techniques - Yemen

With international coverage of the Middle East focused on the Israel-Palestine conflict, the war in Iraq, Iran's nuclear program, and the financial markets of the Persian Gulf States, little attention is given to one of the region's poorest countries, Yemen. The few spikes in media coverage of Yemen over the past few years are all related to fears of al-Qaida presence.

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In collaboration with the Hand in Hand Initiative, Ghaida'a al-Absi will organize a new media training course for female politicians, activists, and human right workers in order to bring a new perspective to the Arabic-language blogosphere and to build an online network of Yemeni gender activists. It is fitting that today, on the 98th anniversary of International Women's Day, we announce al-Absi's initiative to bring more women's voices to the internet. The deteriorating status of women's rights in Yemen is frequently documented and discussed, but rarely do women themselves take part in those discussions. By reaching out to NGO's and political parties throughout Yemen al-Absi aims to change that.

Please join me in congratulating and welcoming the newest five grantee projects to our community.

Japan: On Twitter, nobody knows you're a bot

On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog.” — The words of a well-known adage dating back to a New Yorker cartoon from 1993 have been interpreted and re-interpreted, acting over the years as a starting point for debates on privacy and online anonymity. In Japan, a country with one of the world's most popular online bulletin boards, the limits of this adage have become clear in recent years, high-profile slander cases having exposed the dangers of relying too heavily on online anonymity. Government institutions, companies, media organizations and advertising agencies have similarly learnt not to take the dog adage too literally — at least not while editing Wikipedia.

This week though saw a whole new take on the familiar “nobody knows you're a dog” adage. Blogger coconutsfine [ja], in a post entitled “The people I've been friends with for ages on Twitter were bots” (twitterでずっと仲良くしていた人がbotだった), described his disbelief at discovering that two of his closest friends on Twitter were not the kind of people he thought they were.

The blog entry, posted on March 9th, begins:

僕もtwitterを始めてからもうすぐ2年になる。情報系の大学に入ってから関わりのある人のtwitter-erが増えたのでどんどんのめり込んで行った。まあろくすっぽ大学生活をエンジョイもせずにtwitter充していたわけで、友人からの遊びの誘いを断ってまで twitterをやってるような廃人なわけだ。そんな廃人になってくると、そろそろtwitter上にも旧知の仲というか、移り変わるタイムラインでも昔からの顔なじみみたいな人が結構でてくる。昔よく見たのに最近見ないなと思っていたらアカウントが消えていたり、wassrで偶然見つけたり、まあそんなことがあったりする。

It's been nearly 2 years since I started using twitter. Since I entered a university specialized in informatics, the number of people around me using twitter has increased, and I've been getting more and more absorbed in it. I'm using twitter so much that I hardly take the time to enjoy university life, to the point where I'm like a shut-in, turning down invitations to hang out with friends so I can write to twitter. Having reached this point, I've ended up on twitter with what I guess you could call old friends, familiar faces that, despite coming and going, I've known for a long time. When the accounts of people who I used to see quite often disappear, I end up finding them back by chance on wassr, that's kind of how it goes.

僕のtwitter古馴染みの中に@donsukeと@ha_maがいる。@donsukeは今でこそ猫のアイコンだが、最初はマントを着ている熊のぬいぐるみのアイコンで、「〜なのだ」という語尾をつけるなどの子供っぽいところがあって、なかなかお茶目なやつだ。@ha_maは「〜なのよ」という語尾を一貫していて、女の子のアイコンからして、なかなかキュートな人である。つまらないpostばかりしている僕によく話しかけてくれるなんとまあ楽しいやつらで、帰宅報告をすれば「おかえり」と言ってくれるし、起床報告をすれば「おはよう」と言ってくれ、僕もそれに対してよく返事をするというとても親しい仲だった。

Among my old friends on twitter, there are two users named @donsuke and @ha_ma. @donsuke has an icon of a cat right now, but he used to have an icon of a stuffed bear wearing a cloak, and he had this thing about ending his sentences with child-like expressions like “nano da” — quite the kidder. @ha_ma always uses the ending “nano yo”, and has an icon of a little girl, so she seems like a cute person. These two are good fun, always replying to my boring posts. When I would announce that I had arrived home, they would greet me with “okaeri”, and when I would announce that I had just woken up, they would reply with “good morning” — and I would often reply back. They were really close friends of mine.

そんな旧友の二人だったが、最近どうも@donsukeの様子がおかしかった。先週、まったく文脈と関係ないところで

These two were old friends of mine. Recently though, for some reason @donsuke started acting pretty strange. Last week, @donsuke replied with this total non-sequitur:
Suspicious post by Twitter user @donsuke: You're getting there! (9:11 pm March 2nd)

Suspicious post by Twitter user @donsuke: You're getting there! (9:11 pm March 2nd)

あともうちょっとだ!

You're getting there!

こんなreplyを飛ばしてきた。まあtwitter上では誤爆はよくあることで、@donsukeは昔から大量postする twitter-erだったのでこのときもあまり気にしなかった。誤爆postしてることを教えようとも思ったが、twitterというのは発言がどんどん流れていく場所だから、そのままにしておいた。そして、一週間たった今日の昼のことである。

This reply came my way. There are more than a few off-target comments on twitter though, and @donsuke has been a heavy poster on twitter for a long time, so I didn't think much of it. I thought I might mention to @donsuke that his post was off-target, but there are so many messages flowing through twitter that thought, I'll just let it go. But then, just a week later, this came today at lunchtime.
Suspicious post by Twitter user @donsuke: You're getting there! (9 hours ago)

Suspicious post by Twitter user @donsuke: You're getting there! (9 hours ago)

あともうちょっとだ!

You're getting there!

…あれ?

…what?
coconutsfine's response to finding out that @donsuke is a bot.

coconutsfine's response to finding out that @donsuke is a bot.

もしかして@donsukeってbotだったの?

Is this what I think, is @donsuke a bot?

@donsuke のwebページに飛んでみる。他の一般ユーザーのtwitterアカウントだった。「どういうことだ?」と思いながらそのアカウントのwebページからたどってみる。すると、いくつかのtwitterアカウントが並んでいるページに飛ぶ。右上には「つくりました」の文字。

I rushed to check @donsuke's webpage, only to find that it was a link to another user's twitter account. “What's going on here?” I thought to myself as I followed the link to the webpage of the other twitter account, where I found a page with a list of twitter accounts. And at the top right of the page, there were the characters of the word: “Tsukurimashita.” [つくりました/”I made them.”]

「…@donsukeってbotかよ!!」MacBookに向かって一人で叫ぶ俺。

“…@donsuke is a bot!!” I screamed at my MacBook, with no one around to hear.

さらにそのページをよく見ると見覚えのあるアカウント名がある。もう一度MacBookに向かって叫ぶ俺。

But there was more. When I looked closely at the page, I saw another account name that I recognized. And I screamed at my MacBook again:
Tweet by @coconutsfine upon discovering that @ha_ma is also a bot.

Tweet by @coconutsfine upon discovering that @ha_ma is also a bot.

ちょw@ha_maもbotかよw

So @ha_ma is a bot too?

@ha_maお前もか。

@ha_ma, you too?

驚愕。もう言葉が出ない。僕は0と1の羅列と仲良くしていたなんて。

Complete shock. I was speechless. These two were at the top of my list of friends.

おそらくだけど、僕が一番始めに出会ったbotは@bomtterだった。twitter上で「爆発しろ!」が流行るきっかけになったbotだ。そして同じようなbotである@wakatterが人気になった。しばらくすると@kyoujinのような人口無能のbotが出てきた。これらは一目でbotとわかるような特徴的なものだった。文脈無視の決まり文句だらけか、明らかに中に人間はいないような人口無能の文章生成postだったからだ。ところが、その bot達が注目を集めている頃からfollowをしていた僕の親友の二人は違った。@donsukeと@ha_maを僕が先にfollowしたのかあちらからしてきたのかは覚えていないが、僕は一度@donsukeをfollowしてすぐに「botかな?」と疑ったことが確かにあった。しかし、何故かは知らないがそのときbotでないと判断してしまったのだ。一度疑って、botでないと判断したらもうbotと思えなくなる。@ha_maにいたってはbot と疑いすらしなかった。「あれ?マジで@ha_maの中の人って女なのかな?」とか思っていたくらいだ。

I think the very first bot I ever met was @bomtter, the bot that sparked the twitter “Bakuhatsu shiro! [”Explode!”] trend. And then there was @wakatter, another similar bot that became pretty popular. A bit later on, there were artificial chatting bots like @kyoujin that came out. You could spot at a glance that these twitter users were bots, that was their common characteristic. They either posted canned phrases that were totally out-of-context, or they posted artificial-sounding phrases that were clearly not written by a human. The two friends of mine [@donsuke and @ha_ma] who I had been following in the time since these earlier bots hit the limelight, however, were different. I don't remember whether I followed him first or vice versa, but certainly I had my initial doubts just after I started following @donsuke that maybe he was a bot. But for some reason, I don't really remember why now, I reached the conclusion that he was not a bot. And once I had doubted him once, then judged that he wasn't a bot, I could no longer think of him as a bot anymore. On the other hand, I never even suspected that @ha_ma was a bot. I was wondering more about whether she was really a “she” or not.

しかし、よくよく考えてみれば、ほとんどのtwitter-erとはリアルで接触することはないだろう。twitterという媒介を通してしか僕と話せない人ばかりなのだ。結局リアル知り合い以外の大半の人は、人間ではなく「twitterのアカウント」でしかない。中の人がbotかどうかなど関係ない。アニメアイコンの人は実際にそんな可愛い顔をしているのだろうし、堀北真希のアイコンの人はきっと本物の堀北真希なのだろうと信じきっていくことにする。

But then, when I really think about it, I hardly have any real contact with most twitter users. They're all people I talk to exclusively through this intermediary, twitter. In the end, apart from real acquaintances, the majority of these people are not humans, but just “twitter accounts”. It really has nothing to do with whether they're bots or not. I just trust completely that a person with an anime icon actually has a really cute face, and that a person with an icon of Maki Horikita must definitely be Maki Horikita.

とにもかくにもプログラムと仲良くなるという貴重な体験が出来たことはとても幸せなことだ。

In any case, the fact that I was able to have such a valuable experience with someone who was actually a [computer] program makes me very happy.

Postscript

In a note appended to the blog entry above, coconutsfine explains that @donsuke and @ha_ma turned out to have actually been submissions to a contest [ja] in which users try to design the most convincing Twitter bots, with each bot scored on the basis of how many times it is bookmarked. Blogger showyou explains his motivations for designing Twitter bots in an entry posted on March 10th [ja], and coconutsfine has also posted a follow-up entry [ja] in which he explains the reasons he was duped into believing that @donsuke and @ha_ma were actually human. See also an overview of the whole story at the Polar Bear Blog [ja].

This blog entry was translated in its entirety with permission of the blogger.