Since Tuesday, anti-government protesters have invaded Thailand’s Government House demanding the resignation of Thai Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej. The rallyists, estimated to be as low as 3,000 to as high as 25,000, are members of the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD).
The activists accused Samak of being a puppet of ousted Thai leader Thaksin Shinawatra. One of the most popular slogans in the rallies is this: “Monarchy, Nation, and Samak you are bad.”
In the last four days, protest actions were launched in different parts of Thailand. Rallyists have forced airports to close down and union workers refused to work in solidarity to the protesters. Despite the rallies, Samak has refused to step down.
It is difficult to ascertain the sentiments of the Thai people about the ongoing protests. Citizen dissatisfaction may be high; and people are very angry against corruption. But many are opposed to the campaign tactics used by PAD.
A sample of public opinion: Bangkok University surveyed 1,023 people in Bangkok this week about the PAD protests. Below is a summary of the poll results as provided and translated by Bangkok Pundit:
1. Do you agree with closing of the roads to force out the government? 13.8% agree, 72.6% disagree and 13.8% have no opinion.
2. Do you agree with the seizing of NBT? 14.8% agree, 70.8% disagree, and 14.4% have no opinion.
3. Do you agree with the seizing of Government House? 16.9% agree, 68.3% disagree, and 14.8% have no opinion.
4. Do you agree with the police to take action against the 5 PAD leaders? 42.8% agree, 31.7% disagree, and 25.5% have no opinion.
5. Do you think it is time to declare a state of emergency? 46.9% say not yet, 27.6% say and 25.5% have no opinion.
6. What action do you want the military to take? 51.8% say join with the police to control the situation, 38.4% say stay neutral and stay put, 4.5% say stage a coup, and 5.3% gave other responses.
7. What do you want the government to do? 34.9% say continue administering the country, and 65.1% want a change (33.3% want a new election, 17% want the PM to resign, 14.8% want the Cabinet to resign).
Christopher G. Moore provides a background to the events which transpired last Tuesday:
“Last night a mob (some estimate to be 25,000) occupied a radio/TV complex in Bangkok, and later broke into and occupied Government House. Tempers are on edge. Violence is in the air. But the police and military have exercised restraint. There is tension and uncertainty as everyone hunkers down and waits for the final confrontations on the streets to play out. Forces hidden out of sight are huddling, contemplating, weighing, and planning. One plan is to starve them into submission. No food is allowed into the building. No keys given out to the washroom.”
absolutely Bangkok.com liveblogged the first day of protest activities.
PAD was severely criticized for invading a TV station and blocking traffic. This prompted ~Meaw & More~ to reflect about nonviolent activism:
“The PADs protest raise questions and doubt for people who heard that it was nonviolent. As we have seen television and website broadcast, it did not seem to be so. Does nonviolent simply mean unarmed or that no one is physically hurt others.
“Considering what PADs have been proclaiming that they want to bring about ‘democratic’ change, can they be the change and democratic?”
PAD was the same group which led the protest actions in 2006. The street rallies were followed by a coup which led to the ouster of Thaksin. But former PAD supporters are now questioning the legitimacy of today’s protest activities. The Lost Boy is one of them:
“This is getting silly now. As a foreigner who has lived in Thailand for three years and often sympathized with the PAD, I’ve lost all patience and respect for that group and I hope the PAD leaders are brought to justice and that the government does not buckle to the demands being made.”
absolutely Bangkok.com further explains why PAD is losing public support and why Samak is benefiting from the crisis:
“Doesn’t seem much popular support left for the PAD. They got carried away by pitiful issues such as Preah Vihear and ran nonstop through town demanding this and condemning that - and are staging a revolution that shall bring Thailand which leadership?! Heaven forbid. Any PAD success would divide the kingdom even more deeper. No disrespect, but the PAD’s current actions and false fronts work for the benefit of Samak.”
Thailand Jumped the Shark identifies the street protests of PAD as Thugocracy:
“This is a fascist movement. Of course, because this is Thailand and an Asian country on the periphery of world affairs, nobody will care. But this is what fascism looks like in the 21st century.”
Even mainstream international media have negative views on PAD, perhaps bolstered by PAD’s attack on a TV station.
But there is no doubt that PAD remains a solid force supported by many Thais, including ordinary people, as noted by The Bangkok Bugle:
“There was noticeably less traffic on the roads this morning, so much so that my taxi driver had no qualms about going past one of the PAD demonstrations close to Government House. The few protesters I saw were very normal, mostly female and a far cry from the mobs that took control of some Government offices yesterday. There are a lot of ordinary people supporting these protests.”
Sustaining a protest movement for several days is not easy. Logistics preparation is essential. The public were asked to support the rallies by donating food and other stuff:
“If the organizers could not manage proper toilet and shower corner, it would be more difficult to female protesters to stay. Some post in Manager webboard ask for donation of flashlight, whistle, helmets, umbrellas, hat, fans, towels, tissue paper, plastic bags and rubber band (to be used as makeshift toilet.) Other requested female and male underwear.”
Manager posted pictures which exposed police brutality. On the other hand, several video clips showed the aggressiveness of the protesters.
New Mandala theorizes the possible motives and endgame plans of PAD:
1) They may hope that the king steps into the fray and asks, to guarantee national “reconciliation” among other things, that Samak resign.
2) Elements within the PAD may hope that an escalating confrontation could motivate an army faction to mount another “extra-constitutional” intervention: a coup. Whether such an effort would be acceptable to the general populace or to the rest of the Bangkok elite is uncertain.
3) The PAD may, more modestly, be hoping to de-stabilise the Samak government sufficiently that its management of the economy and society is brought into further disrepute. Perhaps there is hope among some in the PAD that a confrontation in Bangkok, however resolved, could prepare the way for a stronger Democrat Party showing in future elections. Perhaps there is also some hope that if a compromise can be worked out, perhaps with an interim “government of national unity”, the PAD will be able to take on a role as an un-elected “PM-maker”.
4) Elements within the PAD may also be hoping that a heavy-handed government response to the current protest may provide them with some politically useful symbols of repression (and perhaps even some martyrs) that could be used to invigorate future phases of their campaign.
Bangkok Pundit reacts to this post. A coup is unlikely. Samak is still the Prime Minister even after meeting with the King.
A timely appeal to all parties involved:
“You’d expect rationality and reasoning in a political fight. Thailand’s political landscape has been reduced to a Darwinian diktat of the ruthless and reckless leaving a swatch of hate, division and destruction behind.
“The aims and goals of all sides are respectable and we’re not for or against the Samak government. We’re just asking for some mutual respect, civil debate and adherence to the rule of law. All we can see though are agitation and politics of primal fears.”
While the Beijing Olympics was held, Koreans were excited about news of a series of medals. It even seemed that hot attention to political issues and arguments among the citizens since the inauguration of the new President have slowly diminished. The rate of support for the new President, which drastically decreased started rising slightly. However, once the Olympics ended, citizen activities against political and economic instability, and the government policies started again. And a spy scandal, ‘Korean Mata Hari,’ was suddenly exposed.
Once the North Korean spy scandal broke out, national security has been the priority and has concerns against North Korea have been swelling. However, netiznes have different opinions at present.
Many netizens seem not to be completely persuaded by the sudden scandal.
대한민국은 북한 공산독재 권력과 군사적으로 대립하고 있는 휴전국입니다. 말 그대로 아직 전쟁이 종료되지 않은 상황이라는겁니다. 이러한 상황에서 적대국의 기밀을 수집하고 스파이를 파견하는것은 어쩌면 당연한 일인것입니다.이는 국가의 안전을 위해서 수행하는 가장 기본적인 활동이기 때문입니다. 미국의 예를 보더라도 외국에 CIA등의 지부가 존재하며 각 나라에 공사주재원 또는 상사원으로 활동중인것으로 공공연히 알려져 있고 금세기 들어서는 산업스파이가 세계를 무대로 활동하고 있다는것은 우리가 익히 알고 있는것입니다. 우리나라에 북한 간첩이 암약하고 있다는것은 분명한 사실이며 첩보기관이 존재하는 이유도 이를 적발하고 검거하는데 있는것입니다. 어제 오늘의 일이 아닌 정부수립이후로 늘 있어온 일이라는 것입니다. 새로울것이 없다는 이야기입니다. 오히려 이러한 간첩을 검거하지 못하고 있는 첩보기관의 무능함을 지탄해야 마땅합니다. 검거발표 시점을 두고 논란이 많습니다만, 이승만정권부터 군사독재정권을 거쳐 이명박 정권까지 그 속성들을 잘 아시면서 논란을 일삼는 것은 순진해서 입니까? 정말 몰라서 입니까? 어디 한 두 번 저들이 권력을 공고히 하기위하여 이용해먹은 수법이 아니질 않습니까? 지지율이 떨어지고 혹 실수라도 하여 국민들의 원성이 커지면 딱 터뜨려서 잠재워 버리는거 수도 없이 보고 살아오시지 않으셨습니까?[…]
A netizen brings an interesting theory, ‘connection.’
어제의 이적단체라는 명목의 체포는 큰 충격을 주었다. 그 충격이 가시지도 않은 오늘은??..
간첩!!!!
국가기밀의 확대+이적단체조사+간첩사건+국가보안법 확대적용 일련의 사건들이 보여주는 쥐바기정부가 하고자 하는바와 방법론을 확실히 보여주고 드러내고 있다. “거짓도 3번이면 진실이 된다”고 했다. 이 정부의 거짓은 간첩 또는 이적단체가 아니다. 간첩이나 이적단체는 그동안의 정보와 지금의 허술한 법적용을 본다면 충분히 사실로 만들 수 있다. 그들이 노리는 것은 이것만이 아니라는 것이다. 지속적인 이적단체와 간첩사건으로 언론플레이를 통해 “아직도 한국에는 간첩과 이적단체가 있다!”라는 주장을 할 것이다. 있다 있다 있다 하면 있게 되는 것이 선전전술이다. 그렇게 국민에게 공안시국을 인식시키고 나서 쥐바기 정부의 진짜 거짓말이 나타날 것이다. 바로 간첩과 이적단체로 지명된, 적용된 그들과 촛불 또는 진보 또는 시민단체와의 “연관성”이다. 마치 미국이 이라크에 대량살상무기가 있다 있다 있다 하는 상황을 만들고 알카에다와 연관이 있다 라는 거짓 하나로 (이경우는 둘 다 거짓이었지만..) 자국민의 지지를 업고 당당히 이라크를 짖밟을 수 있었던 것과 같은 것이다.”연관성”의 거짓은 무섭다. 연관이 없어도 연관성에 대한 의심은 매우 쉽게 침투하면서도 쉽게 의심할 수 있기 때문이다. 거기에 일단 그러한 의심이 생기게 되면 연관된 모든 것은 모든 것과 연관되게 만들어진다. 즉 !! 대한민국에는 아직도 간첩과 이적단체가 존재하고!!! 간첩과 이적단체가 촛불과 연관이 있다!!! 즉 촛불들이 한 행동들은 간첩 또는 북한의 지령과 관련 또는 명령에 의한 것이다!!??????
그들의 방법론은 이미 정해졌다. 대한민국은 아직도 공안정국이 필요하다는 현실을 만들고! 쥐바기의 적들은 모두 그 상황과 연관시킨다. 그리고 자신의 적들을 매도하고 짖밟는다. 촛불이든, 진보단체든, 시민사회단체든, 학자든, 네티즌이든 모두가 간첩이 될 수 있고, 이적행위자가 될 수 있고, 공안사범이 될 수 있고, 형사범이 될 수 있는 그런 미래를 만들고자 함이다.[…]
And today when I haven’t gotten over the shock??
Secret agents!!
The expansion of the state secret + Investigating groups to benefit enemies + Secret agent scandal + the expansion of the National Security law… A series of these events clearly show what the Lee Government wants to do and what methods they will use. There is a saying that “Three times of lies become the truth.” I’m not saying that the government lies about the spy or the group to benefit enemies. Based on information and rough regulations, spies and the group to benefit enemies can be turned into the truth. However, what they target is not that simple. Constant media fabrications with these two scandals will generate the idea that “Korea still has spies and groups to benefit enemies.” If you say, there is, there is, there is, you believe it… That’s the tactic of propaganda. After hammering those ideas into the people, what the government really wants to do will be shown. The government will say the “connection” between those spies and the groups and the progressive and civilian organizations. It is like a recent story that America insisted that there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq on and on and those weapons were related to al-Qaida (both of them were not true), and, based on support of the people, they could push down Iraq. The lie of “connection” is dangerous. Even though there are no connections, the suspicion of the connection is easy to be absorbed and people doubt at ease. If the suspicion starts in peoples’ minds, all things seem to be related. Therefore, there are still spies and groups to benefit enemies in Korea!!! Spies and those groups are connected to candlelight (participants of candlelight vigils)!!! In conclusion, what candlelight does is by the orders from North Korea or by spies!!!?????
The tactics of the government are already clear. Korea still needs a government which emphasizes strong security!!! All enemies of the government will be connected to those dangerous situations. And the government will step down on their enemies. Candlelight, progressive organizations, civilian organizations, NGO, scholars, and netizens all can be spies, the groups to benefit enemies, public safety offenders, and criminals in the future. […]
Not a few netizens analyze this scandal, roles of media, and the intention of the authorities.
국민적 항의를 묵사발 만든 대단한 간첩이 잡혔다! 언론장악, 종교편향, 경제실정 등에 대한 국민적 항의를 무색하게 만들 정도로 대단한 간첩이 잡혔다고 이명박 정권과 한나라당 그리고 수구언론은 우쭐하고 있다. 과연 그러한가? 한국판 마타하리란다. 전여옥 한나라당 국회의원이 언급했고 수구언론이 그렇게 묘사했다. 온 국민의 이목이 여간첩의 외모에 쏠렸다. 미스코리아급 외모를 상상했다. 결과는 160 cm가 안되는 키에 통통하며 뽀샵 처리가 가미되어 겨우 평범하게 보이는 인상이다. 북한말씨도 그대로 사용한다. 세련된 모습도 아니다.김영삼 정부 시절 국방장관과 낮뜨거운 연애편지를 주고받은 미모의 로비스트 린다 김과는 한참 동떨어진 여간첩이다. 그녀와 놀아났다는 군관계자의 최고 계급은 소령이고 그녀와 동거한다는 군인은 26살의 중위다. 이 여간첩이 린다 김처럼 국방장관과 놀아나 거대한 국방사업을 휘두르지도 못하고 겨우 얻어냈다는 것이 군 장교 명함 100장이란다. 헤깔리게도 그녀와 동거했다는 황 중위는 하룻밤 사이에 대위로 바뀌었다. 처음에 언론에는 황 중위로 언급이 많이 되었는데, 어느새 황 대위로 변했다. 대위 진급예정이라는 부가 설명이 보이는 언론도 있다. 한국판 마타하리가 겨우 포섭한 계급이 26살의 중위보다는 대위라고 묘사되는 것이 그나마 마타하리라는 표현의 체면을 차리는 일이 될게다.
어찌했든 언론에 그녀의 외모가 부풀려 포장되고 성로비 여간첩, 한국판 마타하리 등의 자극적 미사여구로 반복되며 재생산되어 알고보면 똑같은 기사들로 도배되는 이유가 무엇일까? 살펴보면 도대체 이 여간첩이 실제적으로 대단한 비중을 차지할만한 행위가 무엇인지 알 수가 없다. 온통 실패투성이의 변변찮은 간첩이다. 소령과 중국여행을 떠나는 것도 실패했고, 중위를 데리고 일본에 가려던 것도 이루지 못했고, 대북정보요원을 살해하라고 지시를 받았으나 스스로 포기한지 오래란다. 실행 도중에 잡힌 것도 아니고 이미 포기했고 오히려 자신이 살해당할까 두려워 자물쇠를 4개나 설치하고 신경안정제를 복용한 간첩이란다. 정보요원과 호텔에서 잠자리까지 해주고도 황장엽의 위치도 알아내지 못했다고 한다. 그러니 언론 전면에 등장하기 위해서는 굳이 성적 외설의 포장을 거칠 수 밖에 없는 간첩이다. 구속된 지 2달이 지나 범불교도 대회가 열리기 2시간 전에 뻥하고 터트려 국민의 눈길을 돌리기 위해서는 얼마나 국가 안보에 위험이 되는지에 대한 실체적 내용이 아니라 한국판 마타하리라는 말초신경을 자극하는 외설적 이야기를 동원해야 했다.더군다나 이 여간첩은 일반 국민의 안보의식이 약화되어 벌어진 일도 아니다. 내용을 보면 이 여간첩에 농락당하고 희롱당한 대상은 군부대이고 군장교들이다. 그녀를 탈북자로 다루며 만날 수 밖에 없는 군인들과 정보요원들이 그녀와 잠자리를 하고 간첩행위에 도움을 주었다. 또한 기무사는 2005년 내사에 들어갔다는데, 2006년에 군부대에서 강연하는 것을 허락했다고 한다. 간첩으로 내사에 들어간 지 1년이 넘은 시점에서 군부대 강연을 할 수 있도록 한 곳이 바로 기무사다. 일반 국민이 그녀에게 포섭된 것이 아니라 군장교들이 그녀와 어울렸다. 일반 국민이 그녀의 강연을 들은 것이 아니라 군부대에서 군인이 그녀의 강연을 들었으며 그 강연을 허락한 곳 조차 기무사다.
웃기게도 그녀는 자립형 간첩이란다. 돈 한 푼 제대로 지원받지 못하고 스스로 생계비를 벌며 간첩행위를 한 신종 간첩이란다. […] 결론적으로 여간첩 사건이 우리에게 시사하는 점은 일반 국민의 안보의식의 문제가 아니라 오히려 권력기관이 어떻게 악용하고 우리의 언론이 얼마나 저급한 지를 보여준다는 것이다.[…]
앞으로 얼마나 더 다른 내용이 밝혀질 지 모르지만 현상태에서 본다면 주로 탈북자를 다루는 군부대와 정보기관의 틀 속에서 벌어진 문제일 뿐이다. 언론에 삼류 외설로 대서특필 되면서까지 대한민국의 일반 국민이 심도있게 살펴보아야할 이명박 정권의 경제적 실정을 부차적 문제로 돌릴 수 있는 사건도 아니고 종교편향에 대한 국민적 항의를 호도시키는 소재로 사용될 사건도 아니다. 그나마 다행인 점은 권력기관과 수구언론이 알맹이는 없고 껍데기만 반복재생하여 국민의 시선을 현혹시키기 바빴지만 현명한 국민들이 금방 현실이 돌아가는 상황을 파악하여 휘둘리지 않는다는 것이다.
Anyway, why do the media exaggerate her appearance and use provocative terms, such as a sex lobby spy and Korean Mata Hari on and on? When you observe all these news, there is nothing about what this spy has done. If she is, she is a failed spy. She failed to go to China with the major and couldn’t succeed to go to Japan with the lieutenant. Even though she was ordered to kill North Korean informants in South Korea, she gave up long time ago. She was not caught while she was doing something. She already gave up, and had to install four locks at her house and is nervous because she has been afraid of being murdered. Even though she slept with an informant at a hotel, she even doesn’t know where Hwang Jang Yup was. http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%BD Therefore, the media uses all provocative descriptions in order to let the news be on the front. After two months when they arrested her and before 2 hours when a meeting of the Buddhists started, they brought this story out and tried to take all attention from peoples away. In addition, this spy scandal wasn’t caused because people lack consciousness of security. According to the news, the objects that she targeted were the military and officers. The military officers and informants who had to deal with her because she was a North Korean refugee slept with her and helped her spy activities. In addition, the Special Security Command (SSC) already started investigating in 2005 and let her have a public speech at the army in 2006. After one year of the investigation, the SSC allowed her to have a public speech. It was not ordinary people who hung out with her, but the military officers.
The funny thing is that she is a self-reliant spy. She never got any financial support and had to make her own living. It’s a new kind of spy. […] In conclusion, what this scandal indicates is how the authorities misuse this news and what low taste our media have.[…] I don’t know how many stories will be exposed, but so far I observed, it is just the problem of the army that deals with North Korean refugees and intelligence services. It’s just a low graded indecent story and can’t be as important as problems we have now, such as economic situations that the Lee Government deals with and protests about the propensity of a specific religion. Fortunately, while the authorities and conservative media work hard to take the peoples’ attentions to this scandal, wise people recognized fast what’s going on and aren’t dazzled by it.
Another opinion is how it will change the status of North Korean refugees in South Korea.
요즘 한참 떠들석한 위장간첩 문제 아니 탈북자 이야기 해 볼까 합니다.뭐 특별한 내용은 아닙니다. 제가 잠시나마 보아온 탈북자 이야기 입니다.요즘 두가지 우려가 나오고 있습니다.
1. 탈북자 중 다른 위장간첩이 있다면 어떤가?(특히 주위에)
2. 선량한 탈북자들이 한국에서 더욱더 눈치 보며 살면 어떻하나?
입니다.예전 서울 목동쪽 모마트 모아파트에 가면 탈북자 분들이 살고 있습니다.제가 알기로는 나라에서 지급하며 생활하는 것으로 알고 있습니다.어느날 아는 지인을 만나기 위해 그곳을 방문하였고 바로 이웃이 탈북자 분들이었습니다.어찌 어찌하여 그 집에 들어가게 되었고 이런 저런 이야기를 나누는데 제가 남쪽 마을
사람이란게 부끄럽게 여겨지며 오히려 죄송해지더군요.다들 아시는 내용이겠지만 그분들은 남쪽 마을에 와서 평화와 희망을 찾았다기 보다는 새로운 세상에서 어떻게 적응하여 살아가야 하는지에 대한 불안감과 공포심을 가지고 하루 하루를 살아가고 있는 듯 보였습니다.모든 탈북자 분들께 해당되는 이야기는 아니겠지만 이런 분들도 계십니다.대화를 나누던 중 탈북자 가족 한분이 뒤늦게서야 들어오셨는데 한손에는 맥주가든 봉지를 들고 있었는데 문을 열고 저를 본 순간 깜짝 놀랐는지 뒤걸음 치는 것입니다. 경계의 눈빛으로 말이죠..이야기를 들어보니 탈북 후 남쪽마을 교육장에서 어느정도 교육까지 받고 나왔지만 실생활에 도움은 전혀 안되며, 이곳에서 생활하면서도 항상 사람들을 경계한다 합니다.이렇게 힘들게 살아가고 있습니다. 이번 간첩사건을 보니 이런분들의 마음은 오죽할지 으레 상상해 봅니다.차라리 간첩의 사명감을 가지고 위장해서 들어왔다면 죽을 각오까지 했을테니, 이런쪽으로의 모욕, 불안감, 공포심등은 느끼지 않을테니 말이죠! 암튼 주위에 이런 분들 계시면 도와주니는 못해도 무조건적으로 몰아가지는 맙시다.
1. If we have more spies of the North Korean refugees around us, what will we do?
2. Do those good North Koreans have to study others’ faces more?
There were North Koreans who lived in an apartment in Seoul. As far as I knew, they lived with financial support from the government. One day, I visited there to meet my friend and the neighbors were those North Koreans. By chance, I visited their house and talked with them. I felt sorry for them and even felt guilty. Even though they live in South Korea now, they spend day by day with the feeling of uneasiness and fear rather than peace and hope. I know that all North Koreans are not like that. While we had a conversation, one of them came back home. He was carrying a grocery bag with beer and once he saw me, he was startled and stepped back. He looked at me cautiously. He said that he went through a training center that helps them to adjust to the new society. But it is not helpful in real life and he always keeps a lookout for others. After I saw the scandal, I thought about those people and how they would feel now. Anyway, it’s fine not to help those people, but don’t push them away.
On Friday 22nd, Peruvian Congress revoked both controversial legislative decrees 1015 and 1073, that brought about the country's native communities demonstrations, mainly those at the Northern rainforest. (See previous posts about this: (1,2) Nevertheless, the joy in these communities didn't last too long after they learned that the government won't enact this new regulation. Meanwhile, it was also announced that the ruling party would introduce a new bill replacing the revoked ones.
Blogs have written interesting opinions and perspectives about the matter, trying to explain it to the Limean public, because generally they are not aware of the reasons why the indigenous communities protest and they have been exposed to some sort of misinformation campaign from the government. For instance, anthropologist Alberto Chirif, as a guest at the blog Diario de IQT [es] posts a article titled: Indigenous protests: struggle against deception and arrogance, where he dismantles some of the lousy arguments given by some government members in order to justify the decrees motivating the protest:
Nunca he conocido a un indígena que se niegue al progreso, a tener más dinero y poder comprar con éste nuevos bienes. La historia de las relaciones entre las sociedades indígenas y la colonización da cuenta clara de esto desde los primeros tiempos del contacto. Las herramientas de metal, por ejemplo, no fueron una imposición externa, sino una innovación tecnológica aceptada de buen ánimo y buscada por los propios indígenas. De hecho, su interés en mantener comunicación con los europeos no fue motivado por la religión ni otro tipo de enseñanzas de origen foráneo, sino por tener acceso a las herramientas de metal que facilitaban su trabajo y lo hacían más efectivo. En este sentido, los defensores de los decretos no deben buscar argumentos absurdos para mantener su decisión y cuestionar a los indígenas y a quienes no piensan como ellos. Los indígenas no se oponen a la innovación ni a las mejoras de sus condiciones de vida, sino al despojo y a este tipo de desarrollo que en realidad los hunde porque enajena sus recursos y su capacidad de decidir libremente sobre su futuro.
He quotes racism too, and some contempt and complaisance towards natives that seems to prevail in Limean political class:
nunca se admite que los propios indígenas son capaces de expresar su opinión a procesos que son contrarios a sus intereses. ¿Por qué? Porque son indígenas, es decir, por racismo. La actitud no es nueva y me hace recordar un pasaje de las investigaciones judiciales realizadas durante el proceso del Putumayo, a inicios del siglo XX, mediante el cual se abrió juicio a los caucheros acusados de las masacres de los indígenas. Rey de Castro, cónsul peruano en Manaos, fue encargado por el gobierno peruano de informar sobre los hechos, pero en realidad asumió la defensa a rajatabla de los caucheros. Él trató de desacreditar las declaraciones de los indígenas que habían sufrido castigos y vejaciones, con el argumento de que, por ser indígenas, no tenían capacidad de afirmar una cosa así. Esto a pesar de que lo que decían se refería a maltratos sufridos en carne propia. En consecuencia, si afirmaban eso, era porque eran manipulados. En el tiempo que llevo trabajando con pueblos indígenas, nunca he sabido que ninguno de estos actos de protesta u otros menos visibles, para oponerse a decisiones del Estado o de empresas, haya sido manipulado por algún agente externo.
Laureano del Castillo, from his homonym blog, gives us a legal vision of things (he is a lawyer) and in his post Don't stir up, don't lie either refutes officialist propaganda about the decrees in question:
Hace mal el presidente García cuando dice “me parece un gravísimo error histórico derogar el Decreto Legislativo 1015 bajo la amenaza de huelgas y toma de carreteras” (aunque podamos coincidir en que las tomas de carreteras es una medida que afecta los intereses de inocentes); al Congreso le toca corregir un error que la soberbia impidió anticipar. Hace, sin embargo, peor cuando en una campaña de desinformación, que pagamos todos los peruanos, para defender el Decreto 1015 afirma que en los sindicatos las decisiones se toman con la mitad más uno de los trabajadores. La disposición de activos es un tema muy delicado y se ha recordado cómo para que en una sociedad anónima se tomen decisiones que implican la disposición de activos se requiere el voto de por lo menos 2/3 de las acciones pagadas. Siendo la tierra el principal activo de las comunidades lo menos que puede esperarse es que ese porcentaje se respete (como hiciera la Constitución de 1979).
Daniel Salas from Gran Combo Club [es], makes a historic parallel (I'm using that word since Alan García used it to refute the decrees opponents) with another well-known failure of the ruling party government, from their previous administration: the banking nationalization bill in 1987:
Ha habido muchos comentarios a favor de este resultado pero me extraña que nadie haya notado la coincidencia con el movimiento contra la estatización de la banca. Los personajes y las motivaciones son muy similares. Sólo espero que los resultados a la larga sean mejores ahora. En ambos casos, Alan García quiso socializar la propiedad privada de un grupo de ciudadanos. Se trataba de convertir en un bien público lo que era, es y debe ser un bien particular. También en ambos momentos se trató de un grupo reducido de personas afectadas. En 1987 se decía que no había que preocuparse de lo que les pasara a “cuatro banqueros”. En el 2008 se convertía a los ciudadanos de la selva en “unos pobladores pobres azuzados por los agitadores”.
En ambos casos, no lo olvidemos, se trató de imponer medidas antiliberales, de afectar los bienes de grupos privados. En ambos casos, también, estas agresiones gubernamentales abrieron viejos resentimientos sociales latentes: en un caso, se fomentó el odio a los ricos y se los culpabilizó de los males del Perú; en otro, se incentivó el desprecio a los “indígenas” y se culpó a su cultura del atraso de nuestro país. Son versiones de la misma teoría de los chivos expiatorios.
Let's not forget, in both moments antiliberal measures were imposed, and would affect the interests of private groups interests. In both moments, these agressiones from the government opened old latent social resentments: on one hand, hatred for the rich ones was encouraged and the were blamed for all evils in Perú; on the other hand, contempt towards the “natives” was promoted, and their culture was blamed for our country's backwardness. There are versions of the same theory of scapegoats.
As for Roberto Bustamante from El Blog del Morsa [es] in his post On natives and conspiracies, he also tries to refute other explanations given to motives that supposedly would be behind de natives' protest:
cierto sector de periodistas (algunos con altos índices de credibilidad) afirman que es imposible que un grupo de nativos protesten contra algo que ni siquiera conocen bien y que debe haber más de un cerebro urbano y rojo detrás. En ciertos casos se trata de una patinada (*), en otros casos de una serie de opiniones ya sistemáticas, que ven detrás de todas las olas de protesta del país una suerte de conspiración comunista. Apelar a la teoría de la conspiración para explicar lo sucedido en la selva peruana es, a mi gusto, irresponsable, porque alimenta una seria de sentidos comunes y clichés que terminan en la justificación de actitudes persecutorias dentro del gobierno.
La segunda posición, sostiene que el problema de fondo no es ni la supuesta manipulación de las ONG’s, ni la participación de cerebros refinados en las jornadas de protesta, sino simplemente reclaman inclusión (¿no fue ese el discurso de uno de los últimos CADEs? ya no me acuerdo bien), e inclusión entendida como una educación y salud públicas dignas, acceso a justicia (frente al abuso de los colonos y extractores informales), etc. Carlos Iván Degregori va en el mismo sentido en su artículo “¡Piruanos! ¡Carajo!”, publicado en Perú21. Todo lo demás, que si la territorialidad, que si las comunidades fueron invento de Velasco es secundario, y más bien expresa un conjunto de estrategias de estos grupos subalternos por conseguir ciertos derechos, históricamente negados. En otras palabras, ni tontos que fueran, los pueblos nativos de la Amazonía van a aprovechar lo que esté a su alcance para exigir lo que consideran justo. Visto de ese modo, salimos de la teorías conspiratorias, que en el contexto actual, son francamente irresponsables.
The second position states that the in-depth problem is not the alleged manipulation from the NGOs, nor the participation of refined minds in the protests, but they are simply claiming to be included (wasn't that one of the last CADE speeches? I don't remember very well), and inclusion understood as decent public education and health services, access to justice (in face of the abuses from tenant farmers and informal extractors), etc. Carlos Iván Degregori takes the same road in his piece “Piruvians! What the heck!”, published at Perú21. Everything else, territoriality here, and there that it is secondary wheteher communities were an invention from Velasco, and expresses a set of strategies from these subordinate groups in order to get some rights, historically denied. In other words, they are not fools, the native people from the Amazonic region will take advantage of whatever they have within their means to demand what they consider fair. From that point of view, we get out from the conspiracy theories, which in the current context, are frankly irresponable.
Finally, Gerardo, a commenter from the post above, from his near experience with the natives an the way they think says:
Lo que los indígenas hacen es intentar que el Estado reconozca en la práctica lo que reconoce en la ley, que el Perú es un Estado pluricultural y que por tanto requiere políticas multiculturales y/o interculturales y si bien en eduación y salud algo se hizo antes y ahora se retrocede, en el tema más álgido de cómo se gobierna un país, la política, hay desconocimiento y poca experiencia sobre cómo tratar con la diferencia.
La idea de que desarrollo se logra mágicamente con la privatización es una idea plana, hay que repasarla, profundizarla. El temor de que los indígenas pretenden separarse, independizarse, unirse a Ecuador, tambien muestra desconocimiento, confunde la idea de nación con la de estado. Me imagino sale de la lectura de unos pocos documentos, de algunas declaraciones aisladas, es una afirmación poco rigurosa. Se origina en miedos coloniales, es etnocéntrica. Eso es comprensible, el etnocentrismo es comprensible, es universal, se combate con el diálogo y una condición para el diálogo es la igualdad, pero quienes gobiernan el país y tienen la voz en los medios de comunicación, en su mayoría tienen una procedencia étnica que los coloca desde ya en una jerarquía distinta, creen además tener la verdad pues, entre otras cosas el conocimiento moderno, científico los respalda. No reparan que la ciencia es hija soberbia del conocimiento tradicional. Si hicieron un gran esfuerzo para llegar a los puestos que tienen, ahora tienen que hacer otro gran esfuerzo para comprender lo indígena y sus diferencias.
The idea that development can be magically achieved with privatization is a plain idea, it has to be checked, studied in depth. The fear that the natives may try to separate, become independent, join Ecuador, shows ignorance as well, mixes up the idea of nation with that of state. I guess this gets out from a few documents, from some isolated statements, is a not so thorough assert. It is originated in colonial fears, it is ethnocentered. That is understandable, the ethnocentrism is understandable, it is universal, it may be fought back with dialogue and one condition for dialogue is equality, but those who rule the country and have the voice in the media, mostly have an ethnic origin which puts them in a different hierarchy. They also believe they have the truth, because modern scientific knowledgment backs them. They don't consider that science is the haughty daughter of traditional knowledgement. If they did make a big effort to get to the positions they have, now they have to do another great effort to understand the indigenous and their differences.
Obviously, there ir more written about this, but this story isn't finished yet. In a few days runs out the term for the enacting of the revoking bill and, we suppose, a new bill will be introduced, as it has been announced. Then it will be possible for the protests to be back. And we'll keep on posting about the matter.
Translation by: Gabriela García Calderon
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